Table 4.
Heckprobit model for Infectious disease and treatment seeking behaviour among older people aged 60 years and above in India, NSSO 60th and 71st round.
| Background variables | Infectious diseases |
Treatment seeking |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Outcome equation) |
(Selection Equation) |
|||
| 60th round | 71st round | 60th round | 71st round | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| (Youngest-old) 60-69 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| (old-old) 70-79 | −0.21*(-0.28,-0.13) | −0.2*(-0.32,-0.08) | −0.14(-0.43,0.15) | 0.03(-0.22,0.29) |
| (oldest-old) 80+ | −0.33*(-0.46,-0.21) | −0.18(-0.37,0.01) | −0.42*(-0.84,0) | 0.26(-0.17,0.69) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | −0.52*(-0.58,-0.45) | −0.49*(-0.61,-0.38) | −0.29(-0.9,0.32) | 0.27*(0.04,0.51) |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate/No formal schooling | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary completed | 0.14*(0.06,0.22) | 0.18*(0.05,0.3) | −0.05(-0.38,0.28) | −0.08(-0.3,0.13) |
| Secondary completed | 0.13(-0.04,0.29) | 0.08(-0.13,0.3) | 0.39(-0.06,0.85) | −0.14(-0.48,0.19) |
| Higher secondary completed | 0.10(-0.13,0.32) | −0.2(-0.46,0.07) | 0.03(-0.65,0.72) | 0.28(-0.46,1.01) |
| Graduate and above | −0.16(-0.36,0.03) | −0.02(-0.3,0.25) | −0.1(-0.89,0.68) | 0.19(-0.22,0.6) |
| Below poverty Line (BPL) | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | −0.06(-0.14,0.02) | 0.08(-0.06,0.22) | −0.19(-0.4,0.03) | −0.26*(-0.51,-0.01) |
| Economic independence | ||||
| Independent | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
| Partially dependent | – | – | 0.51(-0.03,1.04) | −0.67*(-1.2,-0.14) |
| Fully dependent | – | – | 0.38(-0.1,0.86) | −0.59*(-1.13,-0.06) |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Living alone | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
| Living with spouse | – | – | 0.22(-0.08,0.52) | −0.13(-0.36,0.1) |
| Living without spouse | – | – | 0.08(-0.14,0.31) | 0.17(-0.05,0.39) |
| Insurance | ||||
| No | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | – | – | −0.11(-0.37,0.16) | −0.30*(-0.54,-0.06) |
| Duration of ailment | ||||
| Less than 15 days | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
| More than 15 days | – | – | 0.21(-0.05,0.47) | 0.44*(0.21,0.68) |
| Caste | ||||
| SC/ST | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non SC/ST | −0.01(-0.09,0.07) | 0.05(-0.08,0.18) | 0.15(-0.1,0.4) | 0.02(-0.23,0.26) |
| Source: drinking water | ||||
| Improved | Ref. | Ref. | – | – |
| Tap | −0.07(-0.15,0) | 0.01(-0.11,0.12) | – | – |
| Unimproved | −0.19*(-0.36,-0.02) | −0.18(-0.37,0.02) | – | – |
| Source: Cooking Fuel | ||||
| Clean | Ref. | Ref. | – | – |
| Unclean | 0.07(-0.04,0.19) | 0.23*(0.12,0.34) | – | – |
| Nosocomial | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | −0.004(-0.28,0.27) | −0.04(-0.25,0.16) | – | – |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Islam | 0.06(-0.04,0.16) | 0.04(-0.13,0.21) | −0.02(-0.32,0.29) | −0.18(-0.47,0.1) |
| Christianity | −0.01(-0.18,0.15) | 0.18(-0.08,0.44) | −0.12(-0.62,0.38) | −0.60*(-1.01,-0.18) |
| others | 0.09(-0.08,0.26) | −0.05(-0.34,0.24) | 0.3(-0.31,0.92) | 0.86*(0.48,1.25) |
| Type of Residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural | 0.09*(0.01,0.18) | −0.03(-0.15,0.1) | −0.20(-0.63,0.24) | −0.24*(-0.48,-0.01) |
| Region | ||||
| South | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| North | 0.12*(0.01,0.23) | 0.19*(0.02,0.36) | 0.46*(0.07,0.85) | −0.59*(-0.91,-0.28) |
| Central | 0.16*(0.07,0.26) | 0.17*(0,0.34) | −0.35(-0.97,0.27) | −0.36*(-0.68,-0.04) |
| East | −0.03(-0.13,0.07) | 0.31*(0.15,0.47) | −0.16(-0.48,0.16) | −0.84*(-1.11,-0.57) |
| North East | 0.22*(0.09,0.36) | −0.03(-0.36,0.3) | −0.38(-1.07,0.32) | −0.42(-1.02,0.18) |
| West | −0.03(-0.14,0.08) | 0.002(-0.18,0.17) | 0.41(-0.13,0.96) | 0.24(-0.05,0.53) |
| athrho | 0.57(-1.2,2.34) | −1.9*(-2.69,-1.11) | ||
| rho | 0.51(-0.83,0.98) | −0.96(-0.99,-0.8) | ||
| Wald chi2 | 72.32* | 126.72* | ||
| Number of obs | 34,761 | 27,205 | ||
| Censored obs | 32,661 | 25,459 | ||
| Uncensored obs | 2,100 | 1,746 | ||
*if p < 0.05.
Ref: Reference category.
BPL is calculated using Tendulkar committee estimates for the year 2004 and 2012.
BPL is at individual level as it has been divided by household size.
SC/ST: Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe; Non- SC/ST: Others.