Table 5.
Results of the Balcilar et al. (2017) quantile causality for TFP.
| Country | Variable | Quantiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.9 | 0.95 | ||
| Angola | EC | 1.92∗ | 2.64∗∗∗ | 3.88∗∗∗ | 4.12∗∗∗ | 3.57∗∗∗ | 2.11∗∗ | 1.27 |
| CO2 | 1.49 | 1.27 | 3.63∗∗∗ | 3.97∗∗∗ | 2.17∗∗ | 0.47 | 0.48 | |
| Benin | EC | 1.18 | 1.89∗ | 2.43∗∗∗ | 3.55∗∗∗ | 2.75∗∗∗ | 1.26 | 0.75 |
| CO2 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 2.46∗∗∗ | 2.89∗∗∗ | 2.02∗∗ | 1.09 | 0.51 | |
| Botswana | EC | 1.33 | 2.31∗∗ | 3.22∗∗∗ | 3.28∗∗∗ | 3.09∗∗∗ | 1.94∗ | 1.15 |
| CO2 | 1.80∗ | 2.26∗∗ | 2.03∗∗ | 1.85∗ | 1.99∗∗ | 1.23 | 0.63 | |
| Cote d'Ivoire | EC | 1.47 | 2.25∗∗ | 3.53∗∗∗ | 4.41∗∗∗ | 3.18∗∗∗ | 1.96∗∗ | 1.52 |
| CO2 | 1.42 | 2.54∗∗∗ | 2.54∗∗∗ | 3.67∗∗∗ | 3.32∗∗∗ | 1.24 | 0.59 | |
| Cameroon | EC | 2.06∗∗ | 2.99∗∗∗ | 4.10∗∗∗ | 5.12∗∗∗ | 3.19∗∗∗ | 1.94∗ | 1.36 |
| CO2 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 1.40 | 5.92∗∗∗ | 6.81∗∗∗ | 2.28∗∗ | 0.90 | |
| Gabon | EC | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| CO2 | 1.68∗ | 2.37∗∗∗ | 3.27∗∗∗ | 2.91∗∗∗ | 2.17∗∗ | 1.60 | 0.54 | |
| Kenya | EC | 1.87∗ | 2.52∗∗∗ | 3.80∗∗∗ | 4.51∗∗∗ | 3.74∗∗∗ | 2.28∗∗ | 1.31 |
| CO2 | 1.58 | 1.67∗ | 1.84∗ | 1.85∗ | 1.70∗ | 1.26 | 0.67 | |
| Morocco | EC | 2.36∗∗∗ | 3.44∗∗∗ | 4.51∗∗∗ | 4.85∗∗∗ | 3.41∗∗∗ | 1.71∗ | 0.75 |
| CO2 | 3.04∗∗∗ | 4.21∗∗∗ | 4.49∗∗∗ | 6.60∗∗∗ | 2.35∗∗∗ | 1.11 | 0.51 | |
| Egypt | EC | 3.14∗∗∗ | 3.82∗∗∗ | 4.19∗∗∗ | 4.75∗∗∗ | 3.17∗∗∗ | 1.87∗ | 1.19 |
| CO2 | 1.61 | 1.39 | 3.86∗∗∗ | 4.05∗∗∗ | 2.23∗∗ | 0.73 | 0.29 | |
| Mozambique | EC | 5.39∗∗∗ | 5.30∗∗∗ | 5.12∗∗∗ | 4.66∗∗∗ | 3.58∗∗∗ | 1.02 | 0.32 |
| CO2 | 1.82∗ | 2.05∗∗ | 2.72∗∗∗ | 2.36∗∗∗ | 1.94∗ | 1.13 | 0.55 | |
| Nigeria | EC | 0.58 | 1.50 | 2.34∗∗∗ | 2.21∗∗ | 2.87∗∗∗ | 1.89∗ | 0.94 |
| CO2 | 0.87 | 2.58∗∗∗ | 2.62∗∗∗ | 3.72∗∗∗ | 3.58∗∗∗ | 1.54 | 0.82 | |
| Senegal | EC | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| CO2 | 0.51 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.65∗ | 1.61 | 0.77 | 0.36 | |
| Togo | EC | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| CO2 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 2.10∗∗ | 1.40 | 1.24 | 1.06 | 0.69 | |
| Tunisia | EC | 1.92∗ | 2.29∗∗ | 3.68∗∗∗ | 4.14∗∗∗ | 3.19∗∗∗ | 1.79∗ | 1.12 |
| CO2 | 0.56 | 1.86∗ | 2.99∗∗∗ | 2.44∗∗∗ | 2.80∗∗∗ | 1.33 | 0.51 | |
| Tanzania | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| CO2 | 1.27 | 2.05∗∗ | 3.33∗∗∗ | 3.10∗∗∗ | 3.67∗∗∗ | 1.92∗ | 0.94 | |
| South Africa | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| CO2 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
| Zimbabwe | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| CO2 | 0.53 | 0.80 | 5.61∗∗∗ | 6.32∗∗∗ | 3.82∗∗∗ | 1.17 | 0.48 | |
Notes: ∗∗∗, ∗∗ and ∗ denote significant at 1%. 5% and 10% level.Thecriticalvalues at 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance is 1.645. 1.96 and 2.33 respectively.