Table 7.
Results of the Balcilar et al. (2017) quantile causality for CO2.
| Country | Variable | Quantiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.9 | 0.95 | ||
| Angola | EC | 1.83∗ | 2.48∗∗∗ | 3.96∗∗∗ | 3.90∗∗∗ | 3.18∗∗∗ | 1.86∗ | 1.22 |
| TFP | 2.50∗∗∗ | 3.33∗∗∗ | 4.54∗∗∗ | 2.72∗∗∗ | 1.84∗ | 0.88 | 0.59 | |
| Benin | EC | 0.86 | 1.46 | 2.65∗∗∗ | 3.14∗∗∗ | 2.75∗∗∗ | 1.30 | 0.80 |
| TFP | 1.07 | 1.93 | 3.73∗∗∗ | 3.54∗∗∗ | 3.74∗∗∗ | 1.04 | 0.42 | |
| Botswana | EC | 0.98 | 1.74∗ | 2.62∗∗∗ | 3.15∗∗∗ | 3.03∗∗∗ | 2.03∗∗ | 0.95 |
| TFP | 3.23∗∗∗ | 3.38∗∗∗ | 2.03∗∗ | 2.27∗∗ | 1.91∗ | 0.57 | 0.29 | |
| Cote d'Ivoire | EC | 1.65∗ | 2.72∗∗∗ | 3.93∗∗∗ | 4.94∗∗∗ | 3.66∗∗∗ | 2.13∗∗ | 1.79∗ |
| TFP | 1.08 | 0.86 | 2.03∗∗ | 4.51∗∗∗ | 2.83∗∗∗ | 1.31 | 0.60 | |
| Cameroon | EC | 1.97∗∗ | 2.87∗∗∗ | 3.88∗∗∗ | 4.24∗∗∗ | 3.02∗∗∗ | 1.97∗∗ | 1.39 |
| TFP | 2.32∗∗ | 2.36∗∗∗ | 1.81∗ | 2.05∗∗ | 1.57 | 0.92 | 0.52 | |
| Gabon | EC | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| TFP | 2.63∗∗∗ | 2.29∗∗ | 2.88∗∗∗ | 2.87∗∗∗ | 2.31∗∗ | 1.14 | 0.54 | |
| Kenya | EC | 1.97∗∗ | 2.65∗∗∗ | 4.11∗∗∗ | 4.67∗∗∗ | 3.81∗∗∗ | 2.32∗∗ | 1.35 |
| TFP | 1.08 | 2.48∗∗∗ | 3.49∗∗∗ | 4.57∗∗∗ | 2.90∗∗∗ | 1.59 | 0.56 | |
| Morocco | EC | 2.21∗∗ | 3.20∗∗∗ | 3.74∗∗∗ | 4.88∗∗∗ | 3.36∗∗∗ | 1.67∗ | 0.73 |
| TFP | 7.86∗∗∗ | 4.72∗∗∗ | 3.49∗∗∗ | 2.48∗∗∗ | 2.17∗∗ | 0.97 | 0.52 | |
| Egypt | EC | 3.04∗∗∗ | 3.95∗∗∗ | 4.23∗∗∗ | 4.63∗∗∗ | 3.22∗∗∗ | 1.83∗ | 1.16 |
| TFP | 1.18 | 2.73∗∗∗ | 4.84∗∗∗ | 4.60∗∗∗ | 4.89∗∗∗ | 2.41∗∗∗ | 0.72 | |
| Mozambique | EC | 5.37∗∗∗ | 5.29∗∗∗ | 5.12∗∗∗ | 4.70∗∗∗ | 3.56∗∗∗ | 1.02 | 0.33 |
| TFP | 0.66 | 1.07 | 2.08∗∗ | 2.84∗∗∗ | 2.04∗∗ | 0.60 | 0.33 | |
| Nigeria | EC | 0.50 | 1.31 | 1.72∗ | 2.72∗∗∗ | 2.92∗∗∗ | 1.78∗ | 0.97 |
| TFP | 1.52 | 6.54∗∗∗ | 10.55∗∗∗ | 8.72∗∗∗ | 3.35∗∗∗ | 1.46 | 0.61 | |
| Senegal | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| TFP | 1.52 | 2.36∗∗∗ | 3.61∗∗∗ | 3.37∗∗∗ | 2.66∗∗∗ | 0.64 | 0.38 | |
| Togo | EC | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| TFP | 1.52 | 1.90∗ | 1.98∗∗ | 2.88∗∗∗ | 2.63∗∗∗ | 1.21 | 0.66 | |
| Tunisia | EC | 1.25 | 1.62 | 2.71∗∗∗ | 3.48∗∗∗ | 2.82∗∗∗ | 1.32 | 0.81 |
| TFP | 0.75 | 1.31 | 2.39∗∗∗ | 2.44∗∗∗ | 2.33∗∗∗ | 1.15 | 0.50 | |
| Tanzania | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| TFP | 1.00 | 1.97∗∗ | 3.51∗∗∗ | 2.83∗∗∗ | 2.18∗∗ | 0.94 | 0.52 | |
| South Africa | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| TFP | 1.42 | 2.27∗∗ | 2.06∗∗ | 2.39∗∗∗ | 2.04∗∗ | 1.30 | 0.37 | |
| Zimbabwe | EC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| TFP | 0.45 | 0.69 | 1.15 | 4.75∗∗∗ | 2.33∗∗∗ | 1.20 | 0.43 | |
Notes: ∗∗∗, ∗∗ and ∗ denote significant at 1%. 5% and 10% level.The criticalvalues at 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance is 1.645. 1.96 and 2.33 respectively.