. 2020 Mar 26;6(3):e03566. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03566

Table 8.

Results of the Chuang et al. (2009) quantile causality for TFP.

Country	Variable	[0.05,0.95]	[0.05,0.5]	[0.5,0.95]	[0.05,0.1]	[0.25,0.5]	[0.5,0.75]	[0.75,0.9]	[0.9,0.95]
Angola	EC	11.45 [1]∗∗	6.82 [1]	22.09 [9]	6.18 [1]	2.89 [1]	2.16 [1]	2.67 [1]	21.97 [9]
	CO₂	18.64 [1]∗∗	20.23 [3]∗∗∗	29.11 [10]∗∗	20.23 [3]∗∗∗	17.82 [1]∗∗∗	40.00 [10]∗∗∗	29.10 [10]∗∗	23.84 [1]∗∗∗
Benin	EC	24.50 [1]∗∗∗	22.13 [1]∗∗∗	16.33 [5]	21.74 [1]∗∗∗	16.21 [6]	17.16 [56]∗∗	10.75 [6]∗	16.40 [5]
	CO₂	27.54 [1]∗∗∗	28.24 [1]∗∗∗	11.96 [1]∗∗	28.80 [1]∗∗∗	25.44 [1]∗∗∗	7.52 [1]∗∗	3.55 [5]	23.45 [5]∗∗∗
Botswana	EC	13.72 [1]∗∗∗	13.83 [1]∗∗∗	16.62 [5]	13.69 [1]∗∗∗	10.10 [1]∗∗	8.03 [1]∗∗	10.54 [1]∗∗	16.79 [5]
	CO₂	7.82 [1]	35.85 [6]∗∗∗	3.65 [1]	4.11 [5]	17.58 [6]∗	10.53 [6]	16.52 [6]	3.64 [1]
Cote d'Ivoire	EC	9.08 [1]∗	9.19 [1]∗	3.18 [1]	1.33 [1]	20.00 [4]∗∗∗	4.48 [2]	4.76 [2]	3.18 [1]
	CO₂	7.92 [6]	6.72 [6]	3.46 [3]	1.06 [1]	2.90 [6]	3.57 [6]	2.29 [6]	2.23 [3]
Cameroon	EC	35.13 [1]∗∗∗	3.67 [1]	33.45 [1]∗∗∗	3.71 [1]	0.99 [1]	0.17 [1]	0.65 [1]	30.98 [1]∗∗∗
	CO₂	47.87 [1]∗∗∗	11.90 [1]∗∗	49.07 [1]∗∗∗	7.53 [1]	46.06 [3]∗∗∗	39.53 [6]∗∗∗	94.84 [6]∗∗∗	49.75 [1]∗∗∗
Gabon	EC	8.18 [2]	7.92 [2]	5.62 [3]	0.52 [1]	3.87 [1]	2.06 [1]	1.01 [1]	5.71 [3]
	CO₂	9.32 [1]∗∗	31.52 [6]∗∗∗	31.65 [6]∗∗∗	21.62 [4]∗∗	45.46 [2]∗∗∗	24.32 [6]∗∗∗	16.96 [6]	1.76 [1]
Kenya	EC	9.20 [1]∗∗	9.61 [1]∗∗	10.28 [3]	9.68 [1]∗∗	2.53 [1]	9.62 [6]	7.07 [6]	11.29 [5]
	CO₂	10.23 [1]∗∗	4.18 [5]	3.00 [1]	4.05 [5]	2.27 [5]	3.29 [2]	0.86 [1]	3.09 [1]
Morocco	EC	16.76 [6]	16.45 [6]	5.88 [6]	17.96 [2]∗∗∗	11.53 [5]	5.98 [6]	5.89 [6]	6.01 [5]
	CO₂	12.26 [1]∗∗	12.35 [1]∗∗	2.21 [1]	12.65 [1]∗∗	17.21 [4]∗∗	4.95 [10]	2.22 [1]	0.92 [1]
Egypt	EC	21.71 [1]∗∗∗	22.15 [1]∗∗∗	3.26 [1]	3.59 [1]	21.80 [1]∗∗∗	7.87 [1]	1.69 [3]	2.36 [1]
	CO₂	12.63 [1]∗∗	12.45 [1]∗∗	4.32 [1]	1.91 [1]	0.88 [2]	3.95 [5]	4.89 [5]	3.46 [1]
Mozambique	EC	21.62 [5]∗∗	14.20 [1]∗∗∗	1.20 [1]	43.74 [2]∗∗∗	8.82 [1]	3.02 [1]	0.27 [1]	1.22 [1]
	CO₂	41.06 [1]∗∗∗	40.13 [1]∗∗∗	24.18 [1]∗∗∗	42.85 [1]∗∗∗	19.09 [5]∗∗	15.26 [2]∗∗	11.87 [2]∗	24.65 [1]∗∗∗
Nigeria	EC	10.09 [5]	9.45 [5]	4.56 [1]	10.91 [5]	2.86 [4]	3.41 [1]	1.39 [2]	4.56 [1]
	CO₂	4.53 [1]	4.67 [1]	28.17 [6]∗∗∗	4.69 [1]	2.78 [1]	0.54 [1]	0.79 [1]	28.75 [6]∗∗∗
Senegal	EC	15.94 [1]∗∗∗	16.11 [1]∗∗∗	8.88 [3]	16.41 [1]∗∗∗	3.61 [2]	12.64 [1]∗∗	2.03 [5]	9.06 [3]
	CO₂	22.72 [6]∗∗	7.54 [1]	16.62 [6]	7.45 [1]	4.72 [1]	3.91 [5]	4.58 [6]	17.67 [6]
Togo	EC	3.64 [1]	3.75 [1]	0.50 [1]	3.74 [1]	1.71 [1]	1.84 [5]	0.27 [1]	0.96 [1]
	CO₂	13.86 [2]∗∗	18.12 [3]∗∗∗	14.16 [2]∗∗	20.26 [3]∗∗∗	6.65 [1]	1.03 [1]	6.66 [6]	14.06 [2]∗∗
Tunisia	EC	96.80 [6]∗∗∗	26.94 [6]∗∗∗	95.45 [6]∗∗∗	19.81 [5]∗∗	25.59 [6]∗∗∗	12.13 [6]	23.74 [6]∗∗	75.05 [6]∗∗∗
	CO₂	78.56 [2]∗∗∗	26.31 [2]∗∗∗	74.06 [2]∗∗∗	16.03 [6]	8.85 [6]	5.75 [2]	21.39 [1]∗∗∗	51.56 [2]∗∗∗
Tanzania	EC	12.28 [1]∗∗	12.36 [1]∗∗	2.83 [1]	12.52 [1]∗∗	10.23 [1]∗∗	7.40 [1]	1.27 [1]	3.70 [1]
	CO₂	21.44 [6]∗	21.75 [6]∗	6.51 [3]	12.79 [3]	20.51 [2]∗∗∗	7.69 [6]	3.96 [6]	6.55 [3]
South Africa	EC	53.42 [10]∗∗∗	31.41 [10]∗∗	54.80 [10]∗∗∗	4.67 [2]	14.46 [10]	9.22 [10]	12.37 [8]	55.27 [9]∗∗∗
	CO₂	22.50 [10]	16.06 [10]	23.10 [10]	6.25 [1]	9.96 [10]	6.17 [10]	9.71 [10]	23.38 [10]
Zimbabwe	EC	11.68 [1]∗∗	1.36 [1]	11.49 [1]∗∗	1.39 [1]	7.75 [5]	3.77 [4]	11.79 [6]	12.06 [1]∗∗
	CO₂	26.70 [5]∗∗∗	13.37 [5]	8.90 [1]∗	13.86 [5]	12.81 [5]	5.97 [5]	11.93 [6]	9.04 [1]∗

Notes: ∗∗∗, ∗∗ and ∗ depict significant at 1%, 5% and 10% level. Sup-Wald test statistics and the selected lag order (in square brackets) are presented.