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. 2017 Jun 16;162(5):357–369. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvx039

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© The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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Fig. 2 — Schematic representation of the tangential flow filtration (TFF) system used in the present study. (A) The system was manually controlled by using the pump output and adjustable valves 2 and 3 (V2 and V3) with modulating transmembrane pressure (TMP). TMP is the difference between the pressure upstream (applied pressure) and downstream (permeate) of the membrane, and is calculated using the equation TMP = [P_feed (P1) + P_retentate (P2)]/2 − P_permeate (P3). The three pressure indicators are labeled as P1, P2 and P3. (B) Characterization of the membrane. The permeate flow (flux) of E. coli cell culture (OD₆₀₀, ∼3.0) was measured by setting delta-P (P1 − P2) at 0.1 MPa and altering TMP in the range of 0–0.13 MPa.