Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2009 Apr;41(4):263–272. doi: 10.1093/abbs/gmp018

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author 2009. Published by ABBS Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — The Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway Once activated, TGF-β brings together two types of serine/threonine kinase receptors and propagates the signal through R-Smads phosphorylation, R-Smads/Co-Smad complex formation, and nuclear translocation, thus regulating the transcription of target genes, among which Smad7 is. Besides the canonical Smad pathway, TGF-β can also activate MAPK signaling, in which Smad7 may act as a scaffold protein. In addition, TGF-β may also activate PI3K, PP2A, Par6 as well as Rho GTPases independent of Smad signaling.