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. 2010 Sep 3;153(2):191–222. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.08.008

Table 2.

Marine pharmacology in 2007–8: marine compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, and affecting the immune and nervous systems.

Drug class Compound/organisma Chemistry Pharmacological activity IC50b MMOAc Countryd References
Anti-inflammatory Ascidiathiazones A (75) and B (76)/ascidian Alkaloidg Human neutrophil free radical inhibition in vitro and in vivo 0.44–1.55 μM Superoxide anion inhibition NZL (Pearce et al., 2007a)
Anti-inflammatory Crassumolides A and C (77, 78)/soft coral Terpenoide Modulation of LPS-activated murine macrophage cell line < 10 μM Inducible NOS and COX-2 inhibition TAIW (Chao et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory Durumolides A-C (79, 80, 81)/soft coral Terpenoide Modulation of LPS-activated murine macrophage cell line < 10 μM Inducible NOS and COX-2 inhibition TAIW (Cheng et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory Frajunolides B and C (82, 83)/coral Terpenoide Human neutrophil free radical inhibition in vitro > 10 μg/mL⁎ Superoxide anion and elastase inhibition TAIW (Shen et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory Gracilaria verrucosa fatty acids (84, 85)/alga Polyketided Modulation of LPS-activated murine macrophages in vitro < 20 μg/mL⁎ NO, IL-6 and TNF-α inhibition S. KOR (Dang et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory Hypnea cervicornis lectin (86)/alga Peptideg Antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo 0.1–1 mg/kg⁎ Carbohydrate-binding site interaction BRA (Bittencourt Fda S. et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory Manzamine (MZA) (87), (–)-8-hydroxy MZA (88), hexahydro-8-hydroxy MZA (89)/sponge Alkaloidg Modulation of LPS-activated brain microglia in vitro 0.25–1.97 μM TXB2 inhibition USA (El Sayed et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory ω-3 PUFA (90, 91, 92, 93)/mussel Polyketided Human neutrophil lipoxygenase inhibition in vitro ND LTB4 and 5-HETE inhibition AUS (Treschow et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory Perithalia capillaris quinone (94)/alga Shikimate Human neutrophil free radical release inhibition in vitro 2.1 μM Superoxide anion inhibition NZL (Sansom et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory PFF-B (95)/alga Polyketided Rat basophilic leukemia cell histamine release inhibition 7.8 μM Inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release JPN (Sugiura et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory Plakortide P (54)/sponge Polyketidee Modulation of LPS-activated brain microglia in vitro 0.93 μM TXB2 inhibition BRA (Kossuga et al., 2008)
Anti-inflammatory Rubrolide O (96)/ascidian Polyketided Human neutrophil free radical release inhibition in vitro 35 μM Superoxide anion inhibition NZL (Pearce et al., 2007b)
Anti-inflammatory Stearidonic (97)/alga Polyketided Inhibition of mouse ear inflammation 160–314 μg/ear Inhibition of edema, erythema and blood flow S. KOR, JPN (Khan et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory Carteramine A (98)/sponge Alkaloidg Neutrophil chemotaxis inhibition 5 μM Undetermined JPN (Kobayashi et al., 2007a)
Anti-inflammatory Lyngbyastatins 5–7 (99, 100, 101)/bacterium Peptideg Elastase inhibition 3–10 nM Undetermined USA (Taori et al., 2007)
Anti-inflammatory Salinipyrone A (102)/bacterium Polyketidee Mouse splenocyte interleukin-5 inhibition 10 μg/mL Undetermined USA (Oh et al., 2008)
Immune system Cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride (103)/bacterium Alkaloidg Interleukin-8 inhibition 1 μM AP-1 transcription factor inhibition JPN (Kawauchi et al., 2007)
Immune system Floridoside (104)/alga Sugarh Activation of classical complement pathway 5.9–9.3 μg/mL⁎ IgM mediated-effect FRA (Courtois et al., 2008)
Immune system Iantherans (105, 106)/sponge Polyketided Activation of Ca2+-mobilization 0.48–1.3 μM Ionotropic P2Y11 receptor activation DEU, USA (Greve et al., 2007)
Immune system Prodigiosin (107)/bacterium Alkaloidg Macrophage iNOS inhibition 0.1 μg/mL⁎ NF-κB transcription factor inhibition S. KOR (Huh et al., 2007)
Immune system ASLP (108)/clam Polysaccharideh Splenocyte proliferation increase < 100 μg/mL⁎ Undetermined CHN (He et al., 2007)
Immune system Frondoside A (109)/sea cucumber Terpenoid glycoside Lysosomal activity, phagocytosis and ROS activation 0.1–0.001 μg/mL Undetermined RUS, USA (Aminin et al., 2008)
Immune system Hippospongia sp. quinones (110, 111, 112)/sponge Terpenoidf Enhancement of IL-8 release > 1 μg/mL⁎ Undetermined JPN (Oda et al., 2007)
Immune system Macrosphelide M (113)/fungus Polyketided Cell adhesion inhibition 33.2 μM Undetermined JPN (Yamada et al., 2007)
Immune system Peribysin J (114)/fungus Terpenoidf Cell adhesion inhibition 11.8 μM Undetermined JPN (Yamada et al., 2007)
Immune system Querciformolide C (115)/soft coral Terpenoidf Macrophage iNOS and COX-2 inhibition < 10 μM⁎ Undetermined TAIW (Lu et al., 2008)
Immune system Spongia sp. diterpenoids (116, 117)/sponge Terpenoidf Murine spleen cell lysosome activation > 100 μg/mL⁎ Undetermined RUS (Ponomarenko et al., 2007)
Immune system Thalassospiramide B (118)/bacterium Peptideg Interleukin 5 inhibition 5 μM Undetermined USA (Oh et al., 2007)
Nervous system Linckosides L1 and L2 (119, 120)/sea star Triterpenoid glycosidef Induction of neurite outgrowth 0.3 μM⁎ Undetermined ITA, RUS (Kicha et al., 2007b)
Nervous system Linckosides M–Q (121, 122, 123, 124, 125)/sea star Triterpenef Induction of neurite outgrowth < 10 μM⁎ Dependent on xylose on side chain JPN (Han et al., 2007)
Nervous system Phaeophytin A (126)/alga Alkaloid/terpenoid Induction of neurite outgrowth < 3.9 μM⁎ MAP kinase activation JPN (Ina et al., 2007)
Nervous system Conus leopardus conotoxin Lp1.1 (127)/snail Peptideg Seizure and paralysis in goldfish < 10 μM⁎ Slow block of α6α3β2 and α3β2 nicotinic receptor CHN, USA (Peng et al., 2008)
Nervous system Damipipecolin (128) and damituricin (129)/sponge Alkaloidg Inhibition of serotonin receptor binding 1 μg/mL⁎ Ca2+ influx inhibition ITA, DEU (Aiello et al., 2007)
Nervous system 4-Acetoxy-plakinamine B (130)/sponge Triterpenoid alkaloidg Acetylcholinesterase inhibition 3.75 μM Mixed-competitive inhibition THAI (Langjae et al., 2007)
Nervous system Sargaquinoic acid (131) and sargachromenol (132)/alga Terpenoidf Butyrylcholinesterase inhibition 26 nM Undetermined S. KOR (Choi et al., 2007)
Nervous system SPMG (74)/alga Polysaccharideh Neuronal Ca2+-apoptosis inhibition Decrease in caspase-3 activity CHN (Hui et al., 2008)

aOrganism: Kingdom Animalia: coral (Phylum Cnidaria); ascidian (Phylum Chordata), sea star, cucumber (Phylum Echinodermata); clam, musse, snail (Phylum Mollusca); sponge (Phylum Porifera); Kingdom Fungi: fungus; Kingdom Plantae: alga; Kingdom Monera: bacterium (Phylum Cyanobacteria); bIC50: concentration of a compound required for 50% inhibition; *: apparent IC50; ND: not determined; cMMOA: molecular mechanism of action, NO: nitric oxide; dCountry: AUS: Australia; BRA: Brazil; CHN: China; DEU: Germany; FRA: France; ITA: Italy; JPN: Japan; NZL: New Zealand; RUS: Russia; S. KOR: South Korea; TAIW: Taiwan; THAI: Thailand; Chemistry: epolyketide; fterpene; gnitrogen-containing compound; hpolysaccharide, modified as in the text.