Table 4.

 Viral infection in which pathogenesis/protection is through NO production ^*

Virus	Test system	Site/lesion	Mechanisms of NO production	References
NO‐mediated pathology
Rotavirus	Mice in vivo; ex vivo ileal loop	Ileum/diarrhoea	Upregulation of ileal iNOS mRNA by virus and by NS4 protein	Borghan et al. (2007)
Coxsackie B	Mice	Myocarditis	Increased iNOS/NO	Bevan et al. (2001)
Herpes simplex 1	Mice	Liver/apoptosis	Increased production of NO, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IFN‐γ	Irie & Shiga (2005)
HIV	Cortical cell culture	Neurotoxicity	Activation of NOS by HIVgp120 and cytokines	Dawson et al. (1993)
	PBMC monocyte	Lymphocyte inactivation	Large amount of NO production	Groeneveld et al. (1996)
	Cardiomyocyte culture, animals	Cardiomyopathy	NO induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by TNF type 1 receptor activation	Monsuez et al. (2007)
	Microglia cells	Neurodegeneration	NO‐induced oxidative stress	Roy et al. (2008)
Influenza A	Mice	Pneumonitis	iNOS presence	Karupiah et al. (1998)
Tick‐borne encephalitis virus	Mice	Encephalitis	Increased NO	Kreil & Eibl (1996)
Adenovirus	Mice	Lung inflammation	iNOS and peroxynitrite‐generated nitrotyrosine	Zsengellér et al. (2001)
Murine cytomegalovirus	Mice	Pneumonitis	Increased NO	Tanaka et al. (1997)
Hepatitis C	Hepatocyte culture	Hepatitis, oncogenesis	Increased iNOS/NO	Machida et al. (2004)
NO‐mediated protection of pathology
Japanese encephalitis	Mice	Encephalitis protected	Production of macrophage‐derived neutrophil chemotactic factor increases iNOS	Saxena et al. (2001)
Junín virus	Mice, astrocyte culture	Brain damage protected	INOS inhibition increases brain damage	Gómez et al. (2003)

^* Only a few examples have been cited.