Table 1.

 Clinical effects of endothelial cell dysfunction during DV infection

Organ	Effects on endothelium *	Clinical effect
Lung pleura	Increased vascular permeability	Pleural effusion
Lung alveoli	Increased vascular permeability	Haemoptysis
Pericardium	Increased vascular permeability	Pericardial effusion
Abdomen	Increased vascular permeability	Ascitis
Brain	Damaged blood–brain barrier	Encephalopathy
Gut	Increased vascular permeability	Haemoptysis, Malaena
Urinary tract	Increased vascular permeability	Haematuria
Female reproductive tract	Increased vascular permeability	Menorrhagia, bleeding per vaginum

^* The release of cytokines and other mediators released by activation of memory T cells acts on endothelium, resulting mainly in opening up of junctions between endothelial cells, thus increasing permeability.