Table 2.
Zoonotic viruses circulating in Europe
| Genus (Family) | Virus | Carrier (host/vector) | Disease in humans | Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae) | Puumala | Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) | HFRS (mild, NE) | 0.1% |
| Dobrava | Apodemus flavicollis (yellow‐necked mouse) | HFRS (severe) | 10% | |
| Saaremaa | Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) | HFRS (NE‐like) | Low | |
| Seoul | Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus (rat) | HFRS (intermediate) | 1–2% | |
| Tula | Microtus arvalis (European common vole) | Apathogenic? | ||
| Lyssavirus (Rhabdoviridae) | Classical rabies | Dog, fox, raccon dog, North American bats | Rabies (encephalitis) | 100% |
| EBLV 1a, b | Eptisicus sp (insectivorous bat) | Rabies (encephalitis) | 100% | |
| EBLV 2a, b | Myotis sp (insectivorous bat) | Rabies (encephalitis) | 100% | |
| Arenavirus (Arenaviridae) | LCMV | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Meningoencephalitis | Low |
| Orthopoxvirus (Poxviridae) | Cowpox | Apodemus, Clethrionomys, Microtus rodents | Skin eruptions | 1/ca.70 |
| Orthomyxovirus (Orthomyxoviridae) | Influenza A/H7N7 | Wild aquatic birds | Conjunctivitis, respiratory infection | 1/85 |
| Alphavirus (Togaviridae) | Sindbis | Birds/Culex, Culiseta (mosquitoes) | Rash, arthritis/arthralgia | None reported |
| Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) | TBE | Ixodes spp. (ticks) | Encephalitis | 0.5% |
| Louping Ill | Ixodes spp. (ticks) | Encephalitis | Low | |
| West Nile | Culex spp. (mosquitoes) | Encephalitis | Low | |
| Usutu | Culex spp. (mosquitoes) | Rash, flu‐like illness | None reported | |
| Nairovirus (Bunyaviridae) | CCHF | Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Dermatocento (ticks) | HF | 20–35% |
| Orthobunyavirus (Bunyaviridae) | Inkoo | Aedes sp (mosquitoes) | Meningitis, encephalitis | Not reported |
| Tahyna | Aedes sp (mosquitoes) | Meningitis, encephalitis | Occasionally | |
| Phlebovirus (Phleboviridae) | Toscana Fever | Phlebotomus perniciosus (sandfly) | Meningitis, encephalitis | Not reported |
| Sandfly Fever | Phlebotomus papatasii (sandfly) | Meningitis, encephalitis | Not reported |