Table 2.
Conventional Dosage Regimens for Antimicrobial Drugs in Pet Birds
| Routes | Dose (mg/kcal) | Dose (mg/kg) | Interval (hr) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics | |||||
| Betalactams | |||||
| Cloxacillin | IM | 2.16 4.31 | 100 200 | 24 | |
| Ampicillin–Na | IM | 3.50 | 150 | 12–24 | Gram–positives |
| Ampicillin–trihydrate | PO | 0.58 | 25 | 12–24 | Gram–positives |
| PO | 2.80 4.08 | 120 175 | 12–24 | Gram–negatives | |
| Amoxycillin–Na | IM | 1.17 | 50 | 12–24 | Gram–positives |
| 5.83 | 250 | 12–24 | Gram–negatives | ||
| Amoxycillin–trihydrate | PO | 0.47 | 20 | 12–24 | Gram–positives |
| PO | 2.55 4.46 | 100 175 | 12–24 | Gram–negatives | |
| AX.–long–acting | IM | 2.33 | 100 | 48 | Gram–positives |
| Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (1) | IM | 1.17 | 50 | 8–12 | Gram–positives |
| PO | 2.33 | 100 | 8–12 | Gram–positives | |
| IM | 2.33 | 100 | 8–12 | Gram–negatives | |
| PO | 4.67 | 200 | 8–12 | Gram–negatives | |
| PO | 1.17 2.33 | 50 100 | 12 | Intestinal infections | |
| Carbenicillin | IM | 2.55 5.10 | 100 200 | 8–12 | Synergistic with aminoglycosides |
| IV | 2.55 5.10 | 100 200 | 8–12 | ||
| IT | 2.55 | 100 | 24 | Pseudomonas infection | |
| Ticarcillin | IM, IV | 3.82 5.10 | 150 200 | 2–4 | Synergistic with aminoglycosides |
| Cefotaxime | IM, IV | 1.62 2.16 | 75 100 | 6–8 | |
| Cefoxitin | IM, IV | 1.08 1.62 | 50 75 | 6–8 | |
| Ceftrioxone | IM, IV | 1.62 2.16 | 75 100 | 4–6 | |
| Ceftazidine | IM, IV | 1.62 2.16 | 75 100 | 6–8 | |
| Ceftiofur | IM | 1.08 2.16 | 50 100 | 6 | |
| Cephalothin | IM, IV | 2.16 | 100 | 2–6 | |
| Cephalexin monohydrate | PO | 1.08 2.16 | 50 100 | 8 | |
| 0.16 0.23 | 35 50 | 2–6 | |||
| Cephradine | PO | 0.75 1.08 | 35 50 | 6 | |
| Piperacillin | IM, IV | 4.31 | 200 | 6–8 | Synergistic with aminoglycosides |
| 1.91 2.55 | 75 100 | 4–6 | |||
| Polymyxins | |||||
| Polymixin B | PO | 1078.07 | 50000 | 12 | |
| Aminoglycosides | |||||
| Neomycin | PO | 0.22 | 10 | 24 | |
| Streptomycin | PO | 0.64 1.28 | 50 100 | 24 | |
| PO | 2.33 4.67 | 100 200 | 24 | ||
| IM | 0.22 0.65 | 10 30 | 8–12 | ||
| Kanamycin | IM | 0.22 0.43 | 10 20 | 12 | |
| Gentamycin | IM | 0.05 0.22 | 3 10 | 6–12 | Nephrotoxicity |
| PO | 1.02 | 40 | 8–24 | Intestinal tract infections | |
| Amikacin | IM, IV | 0.38 0.51 | 15 20 | 8–12 | Nephrotoxicity |
| 0.51 1.02 | 20 40 | 12–24 | |||
| Tobramycin | IM, IV | 0.05 0.11 | 35 | 12 | |
| Lincosamides, Macroliden, and Pleuromutilins | |||||
| Spectinomycin | IM, SC | 0.58 | 25 | 8 | |
| PO | 0.65 | 30 | 24 | ||
| PO | 1.92 3.21 | 150 250 | 24 | Flock treatment enteritis | |
| Lincomycin | PO | 0.82 1.17 | 35 50 | 12–24 | Overdose caused death |
| Lincomycin/spectinomycin | PO | 1.08 | 50 | 24 | |
| Clindamycin | PO | 2.33 | 100 | 24 | |
| Erythromycin | IM | 0.23 0.47 | 10 20 | 24 | |
| PO | 1.17 2.33 | 50 100 | 8–12 | ||
| Spiramycin | IM | 0.58 | 25 | 24 | |
| PO | 1.08 | 50 | 24 | ||
| Tylosin | IM | 0.22 0.86 | 10 40 | 6–8 | |
| PO | 1.08 | 50 | 24 | ||
| Tiamulin | PO | 0.54 1.08 | 25 50 | 24 | |
| Oleandomycin | IM | 0.58 | 25 | 24 | |
| PO | 1.17 | 50 | 24 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | |||||
| Chloramph–succinate | IM | 2.33 | 100 | 6 | |
| 1.27 | 50 | 8–12 | |||
| 1.08 1.72 | 50 80 | 12–24 | |||
| Chloramph–palmitate | PO | 1.27 2.55 | 50 100 | 6–12 | |
| Tetracyclines | |||||
| Chlortetracyclin | PO | 0.93 1.17 | 40 50 | 8 | Grit |
| PO | 0.93 1.17 | 40 50 | 12 | No grit | |
| Diet | 0.25–1.0% | 45 days | |||
| Oxytetracyclin | IM, SC | 0.32 1.08 | 15 50 | 12–24 | Tissue damage |
| OTC long-acting | IM, SC | 1.27 2.55 | 50 100 | 48–72 | |
| Tetracyclin | PO | 1.27 | 50 | 8 | |
| Doxycyclin | PO | 0.58 | 25 | 12 | Grit |
| PO | 0.18 | 8 | 12 | No grit | |
| Doxycyclin | |||||
| (Vibramycin-IV) | IM, SC | 1.75 2.33 | 75 100 | 5–7 days | |
| Sulfonamides and Potentiators | |||||
| Trimethoprim (T) | PO | 0.35 0.47 | 15 20 | 8 | |
| T + sulfatroxazole | PO | 0.23 1.17 | 10 50 | 12 | |
| T + sulfamethoxazole | PO | 0.23 1.17 | 10 50 | 24 | |
| Fluoroquinoliones | |||||
| Flumequine | IM, PO | 0.70 | 30 | 8–12 | Vomiting! |
| Ciprofloxacin | PO, IM | 0.32 0.43 | 15 20 | 12 | |
| Enrofloxacin | IM, SC | 0.12 0.23 | 5 10 | 24 | |
| PO | 0.23 0.47 | 10 20 | 12–24 | ||
| Food | 250 1000 | 24 | |||
| Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Drugs | |||||
| Furazolidone | PO | 0.35 0.47 | 15 20 | 24 | |
| Furaltadone | PO | 0.35 0.47 | 15 20 | 24 | |
| Tuberculostatica (in combination with three or more drugs; initial therapy should include rifabutin, ethambutol, and ether azithromycin or clarithromycin) | |||||
| Isoniazid | PO | 0.11 0.32 | 5 15 | 12 | GI and CNS disorder |
| Rifampin | PO | 0.22 0.43 | 10 20 | 12–24 | |
| Rifabutin | PO | 0.38 1.15 | 15 45 | 24 | |
| Ethambutol | PO | 0.32 0.65 | 15 30 | 12–24 | For combination treatment |
| Streptomycin | PO | 0.51 1.02 | 20 40 | 24 | |
| Amikacin | IM | 0.38 0.76 | 15 30 | 12–24 | |
| Ciprofloxacin/enrofloxacin | PO | 0.38 0.76 | 15 30 | 12–24 | |
| Clofazamine | PO | 0.15 0.31 | 6 12 | 24 | |
| Clarithromycin | PO | 1.83 | 85 | 24 | |
| Azithromycin | PO | 0.97 | 45 | 24 | |
| Antimycotic Drugs | |||||
| 5-flucytosine | PO | 0.76 1.27 | 30 50 | 6–12 | icw amphoteracin B 14–28 days |
| Amphoteracin B | IV | 0.03 | 2 | 8–12 | 5–7 days |
| Amphoteracin B | IT | 0.02 | 1 | 8–12 | |
| Amphoteracin B | PO | 0.11 | 5 | 24 | |
| Caprillic acid | PO | 5.39 | 250 | 24 | |
| Chlorhexidine | PO | 0.11 0.22 | 5 10 | 24 | Toxic for finches |
| Enilconazole | Aerosol | — | — | Only disinfection equipment | |
| Fluconazole | PO | 0.04 0.11 | 25 | 24 | 7–10 days |
| Griseofulvine | PO | 0.26 | 20 | 24 | 4–6 wk, dermatomycosis |
| Itraconazole | PO | 0.13 0.25 | 5 10 | 12–24 | 14 days, in orange juice or 0.1 N HCl |
| Ketoconazole | PO | 0.51 0.76 | 20 30 | 12 | 14–30 days ?liver damage? |
| Miconazole | IM, IV | 0.22 0.43 | 10 20 | 8–24 | Candida or cryptococcus infection |
| Nystatin | PO | 2549 7647 | 100,000 300,000 | 8–12 | 7–10 days |
| Ronidazol | PO | 0.4 | 31.2 | Against flagellates | |
| Toltrazuril | PO | 0.09 | 7.02 | Coccidiostatic | |
| Miscellaneous Drugs | |||||
| Deferoxamine | IM | 1.28 | 100 | 24 | Iron chelator used in toucans |
| Insulin | IM | 0.006 0.013 | 0.5 1.0 | 24 | |
| Antiparasitica (frequently used by the author) | |||||
| Chloroquine | PO | 0.216 0.539 | 10 25 | 24 | Bloodparasites, see specific protocol |
| Clazuril | PO | 0.108 0.216 | 5 10 | 24 | Coccidiostatic |
| Dimetridazole | PO | 0.065 | 3 | 24 | Against flagellates |
| Fenbendazole | PO | 0.032 | 2 | 24 | Anthelmintic |
| Ivermectin | IM, PO | 0.004 | 0.2 | 6 wk | Anthelmintic |
| Levamisole | PO | 0.043 | 2 | 24 | Anthelmintic |
| Metronidazole | PO | 0.108 | 5 | 24 | Against flagellates |
| Oxfenbendazole | PO | 0.862 | 40 | 24 | Anthelmintic |
| Praziquantel | PO | 0.270 0.539 | 13 25 | 24 | Anthelmintic (trematodes and cestodes) |
| Pyrimethamine | PO | 0.011 0.022 | 1 2 | 24 | Blood parasites, see specific protocol |
| Ronidazol | PO | 0.323 | 15 | 24 | Against flagellates |
| Toltrazuril | PO | 0.090 | 7 | 24 | Coccidiostatic |
For the calculation of the metabolic dosage, the following body weights were used when pharmacokinetic studies were available: pigeon 450 g, parrot 400 g. Conversion from mg/kg to mg/kcal = dose/(KW0 75).
Adapted from Dorrestein GM: Antimicrobial drug use in pet birds. In Prescott JF, Baggot JD (eds): Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ames, IA, Iowa State University Press, 1993, p 490; with permission.