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Four month (January, April, July, October) average TOA net forcing (W m−2) from all anthropogenic aerosols (A), aircraft generated soot (B), anthropogenic soot from surface sources (C) and anthropogenic sulphate (D). The Kärcher et al. (2006) parameterization together with the 3-mode sulfate aerosol model is used to calculate ice nucleation (adapted from Penner et al., 2009).
