Table 1.

The general characteristics of developed ACDO devices

Year	Refs.	Mechanism	Total size (mm)	Maximum travel (mm)	Generated force (N)	Operated DR (mm/day)	Distraction accuracy (μm)	Distraction step error (μm)
1999	[31]	Motor-driven	–	13.6	–	1	40	0.5
2000	[27]	Hydraulic	–	–	30 to 50	1.5	–	–
2004	[32]	Motor-driven	57	15	70	1	1000	20
2005	[42]	Hydraulic	–	16	20	1	–	–
2008	[21]	Motor-driven	55	10	19	0.9	–	80
2009	[30]	Hydraulic	30 to 100	25	25 to 40	1	10	86
2009	[22]	Hydraulic	–	15	–	0.9	–	21,000
2010	[33]	Motor-driven	60	15	57	1	600	–
2011	[20]	Motor-driven	35	7	2.84	1.4	200	2000
2011	[34]	Motor-driven	–	3	–	3	0.75	30
2013	[13]	Hydraulic	18	12	25 to 40	1.5	–	Average < 500
						3		Average < 1000
						4.5		–
2014	[1]	Motor-driven	–	18	–	2.4	300	4
2015	[28]	Hydraulic	–	30	25 to 40	3	–	–
2019	[36]	Motor-driven	25	22	38	1	0.0076	0.00006
						3		0.00006
						5		0.00002