Table 2.
Bivariate Analyses of Determinants of Maternal Mortality - North and South
| Variable | North (n = 5610) OR (95% CI) | South (n = 13,055) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Community level | ||
| Community education | 0.02 (0.001–0.47) | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) |
| Community wealth | 0.10 (0.02–0.64) | 0.74 (0.45–1.24) |
| Individual level | ||
| Age | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) |
| Parity | 0.69 (0.63–0.77) | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) |
| Social autonomy | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) |
| Domestic violence | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) |
| Distance to facility | ||
| No problem | 1 | 1 |
| Small problem | 1.49 (0.86–2.60) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) |
| Big problem | 1.88 (1.16–3.05) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) |
| Unknown | 2.44 (1.51–3.93) | 1.02 (0.73–1.41) |
| Media exposure | ||
| No exposure | 1 | 1 |
| Low exposure | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) |
| Medium exposure | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 1.01 (0.73–1.53) |
| High exposure | 0.64 (0.19–2.10) | 1.02 (0.58–1.48) |
| Contraception type | ||
| No method | 1 | 1 |
| Folk/traditional | 1.56 (0.48–5.12) | 0.94 (0.67–1.30) |
| Modern | 0.71 (0.30–1.66) | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) |
| Education | ||
| No education | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) | 1.08 (0.63–1.87) |
| Secondary/higher | 0.55 (0.26–1.15) | 0.84 (0.49–1.45) |
| Religion | ||
| Catholics | 1.00 | 1 |
| Other Christians | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) |
| Muslims | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) |
| Animist/None/Other | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 0.71 (0.39–1.29) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Arab-Choa/Peulh/Haoussa/Kanuri | 1 | – |
| Biu-Mandara | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | – |
| Adamaoua-Oubangui | 1.23 (0.83–1.80) | – |
| Bantoid South-west/Grassfields | – | 1 |
| Bamilike/Bamoun/Côtier/Ngoe/Oroko | – | 0.89 (0.61–1.28) |
| Beti/Bassa/Mbam/Kako/Meka/Pygmé | – | 1.55 (1.11–2.16) |
| Stranger/Other | 0.99 (0.53–1.89) | 1.33 (0.82–2.17) |
| Type of residence | ||
| Urban | 1 | 1 |
| rural | 1.26 (0.93–1.71) | 1.30 (1.01–1.67) |
| Wealth index | ||
| Poor | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 0.72 (0.46–1.15) | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) |
| Rich | 0.59 (0.34–1.01) | 0.80 (0.59–1.10) |
| Water quality | ||
| Improved | 1 | 1.00 |
| Unimproved | 1.21 (0.86–1.69) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) |
| Year | ||
| 2004 | 1 | 1 |
| 2011 | 1.80 (1.30–2.49) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) |
Bold: statistical significance p < 0.05
Ethnicity: Two separate variables for ethnic composition were used for regional analyses