Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants by stroke status to end-2016
| Variables at baseline | No stroke during follow up | Stroke during follow up | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 1420 (96) | 53 (4) | |
| Age (years) | 65.1 ± 11.4 | 73.0 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (% male) | 51.8 | 52.8 | 0.89 |
| Ethnic background (%) | 0.22 | ||
| Anglo-Celt | 53.7 | 52.8 | |
| Southern European | 12.5 | 17.0 | |
| Other European | 7.5 | 3.8 | |
| Asian | 4.4 | 5.7 | |
| Indigenous Australian | 6.3 | 0 | |
| Mixed/other | 15.6 | 20.8 | |
| Currently married/de facto (%) | 63.6 | 54.7 | 0.19 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.3 [2.7–15.6] | 12.3 [5.0–17.6] | 0.023 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | 0.84 | ||
| Diet | 24.1 | 20.8 | |
| Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 53.7 | 52.8 | |
| Insulin only | 5.5 | 5.7 | |
| Insulin + oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 16.7 | 20.8 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.2 [6.2–9.0] | 7.2 [6.2–9.3] | 0.65 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 [6.2–7.7] | 7.3 [6.4–8.1] | 0.045 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51 [44–61] | 56 [46–65] | 0.045 |
| Severe hypoglycemia before baseline (%) | 3.0 | 3.8 | 0.67 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.3 ± 6.2 | 30.2 ± 28.7 | 0.20 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70 ± 12 | 75 ± 16 | 0.014 |
| Supine SBP (mm Hg) | 146 ± 22 | 155 ± 20 | 0.004 |
| Supine DBP (mm Hg) | 80 ± 12 | 83 ± 11 | 0.18 |
| Atrial Fibrillation on ECG (%) | 3.5 | 17.7 | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (%) | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.62 |
| On antihypertensive medication (%) | 72.9 | 90.6 | 0.004 |
| On ACE-I | 37.7 | 43.4 | 0.47 |
| On ARB | 32.2 | 37.7 | 0.46 |
| On beta-blocker | 21.5 | 30.2 | 0.13 |
| On calcium channel blocker | 23.7 | 39.6 | 0.013 |
| On lipid-modifying medication (%) | 67.7 | 77.4 | 0.18 |
| On aspirin (%) | 36.6 | 47.2 | 0.15 |
| On other anticoagulant (%) | 11.7 | 20.8 | 0.05 |
| On digoxin (%) | 2.5 | 7.6 | 0.048 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 0.79 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.71 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 0.35 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine (mg/mmol) | 3.1 (0.8–11.4) | 6.7 (1.4–31.5) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) categories (%) | 0.001 | ||
| ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 39.8 | 20.8 | |
| 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 44.8 | 43.4 | |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 8.5 | 17.0 | |
| < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 6.9 | 18.9 | |
| Plasma NT-proBNP (pmol/L) | 74 (18–311) | 163 (46–582) | < 0.001 |
| Anemia (%) | 10.6 | 20.8 | 0.039 |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 28.0 | 37.7 | 0.12 |
| Angina before baseline (%) | 20.4 | 26.4 | 0.30 |
| Myocardial infarction before baseline (%) | 8.2 | 17.0 | 0.003 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 21.6 | 35.9 | 0.018 |
| Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%) | 57.5 | 67.9 | 0.16 |
| Alcohol (standard drinks/day) | 0.1 [0–1.2] | 0.1 [0–1.2] | 0.95 |
| Smoking status (% never/ex/current) | 45.6/43.9/10.5 | 46.2/46.2/7.7 | 0.90 |
| Had an eye test in the last year (%) | 80.6 | 93.9 | 0.015 |
| Any retinopathy (%) | 36.8 | 45.3 | 0.25 |
| Retinopathy severity (%) | 0.06 | ||
| None | 63.3 | 54.7 | |
| Mild non-proliferative only | 29.4 | 28.3 | |
| Moderate non-proliferative only | 4.3 | 9.4 | |
| Severe non-proliferative or worse | 3.0 | 7.6 | |
| Moderate non-proliferative or worse (%) | 7.3 | 17.0 | 0.016 |
Data are percentages, mean ± SD, geometric mean (SD range) or median [inter-quartile range]