Table 2.
Characteristics of Included Studies in the Systematic Review (n = 78), Studies L-Z
| Author (Y), Reference | - Setting - Country (Period of Analysis) | - N (% men) - Age ± SD/[IQR] | - Diabetes Duration - Diabetes Diagnosis - Diabetes Treatment | - Insomnia or Insomnia Symptoms Measure - Distribution/Cutoff | Metabolic Parameters and Glycemic Control | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | HbA1c | FPG | BMI | Waist | HDL | LDL | Chol | TG | SBP | DBP | |||||
| Koyanagi (2014) (65) | - General population - Finland, Poland, Spain (2011–2012) China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa (2007–2010) | - 3285 DM (NR) - Median: 60–65 y | - NR - Self-report - NR | - Self-report - Sleep problems: severe or extreme problems with falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning the last 30 days | x | ||||||||||
| Lecube (2016) (66) | - Outpatient clinic - Spain (2013–2014) | - 135 (44%) - 61 ± 13 y | - >5 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Lopes (2005) (67) | - Outpatient clinic - Brazil (NR) | - 100 (27%) - 58 ± 12 y | - 10 ± 8 y - Clinically diagnosed - 59% OAD 32% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI ≥6 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Lou (2012) (68) | - General population - China (2008) | - 954 DM (43%) - 49 ± 13 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - Self-report - Sleep quality during previous year = good, common or poor | x | ||||||||||
| Lou (2015) (69) | - Health centers - China (NR) | - 944 (39%) - 64 ± 10y | - 6 ± 5y - Clinically diagnosed - 12% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI ≥8 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | |||||||||
| Luyster (2011) (70) | - NR - USA (NR) | - 300 (43%) - 64 ± 10y | - 9 ± 7y - Clinically diagnosed - 12% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Manodpitipong (2017) (71) | - Hospital - Thailand (2014) | - 189 (40%) - Unemployed: 65 ± 8 Day work: 53 ± 9 | - Unemployed: 14 ± 10 Day work: 9 ± 8 - Clinically diagnosed - Unemployed: 42% Day work: 35% | - PSQI - NR | x | ||||||||||
| Mahmood (2013) (72) | - Diabetes clinic - Ireland (NR) | - 114 (64%) - Healthy: 64 ± 11 Insomnia: 66 ± 10 | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - Healthy/insomnia: 66%/65% OAD 23%/15% insulin 21%/15% diet | - PSQI - PSQI ≥6 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| Medeiros (2013) (73) | - Outpatient clinic - Brazil (NR) | - 110 (35%) - 58 ± 11 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - PSQI - PSQI >6 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Meng (2015) (74) | - Hospital - China (2014-2015) | - 332 (57%) - Insomnia: 59 ± 9 y Healthy: 53 ± 14 y | - Insomnia:12 ± 7 y Healthy: 7 ± 7 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - PSQI - PSQI ≥7 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| Narisawa (2017) (75) | - Outpatient clinic - Japan (2014) | - 622 (76%) - 57 ± 10 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - 10% OAD 27% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5.5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Nefs (2015) (76) | - Websurvey - Netherlands (2011) | - 361 (54%) - 62 ± 9 | - 11 ± 8 y - Self-report - 44% OAD 49% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Osonoi (2015) (77) | - Outpatient clinic - Japan (2013–2014) | - 724 (63% ) - 58 ± 9 y | - 10 ± 7 y - Clinically diagnosed - 86% OAD/insulin/ both | - PSQI - PSQI ≥9 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| Rajendran (2012) (78) | - Tertiary care - India (2010–2011) | - 120 (54%) - 54 ± 9 y | - 7 ± 6 y - Clinically diagnosed - 100% OAD/insulin/ both | - PSQI - PSQI ≥5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Ramos (2015) (79) | - Registry black participants - USA (NR) | - 612 (NR) - 62 ± 14 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - Unspecified questionnaire - Insomnia symptoms yes/no | x | ||||||||||
| Ramtahal (2015) (80) | - Outpatient clinics - Trinidad and Tobago (2013) | - 291 (33%) - 59 ± 11 y | - 10 [6–19] y - Clinically diagnosed - 30% OAD 17% insulin 47% both | - NHANES sleep questionnaire - Insomnia = patients answered “often” or “almost always” to sleep-related questions | x | ||||||||||
| Sakamoto (2018) (81) | - Hospital - Japan (2014–2016) | - 3294 (61%) - 65 [55–72] y | - 11 [5–17] y - Clinically diagnosed - 60% OAD 29% insulin/GLP | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Seligowski (2013) (82) | - Primary care - USA (NR) | - 86 (97%) - 62 ± 8 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - 100% insulin or OAD | - PSQI - NR | x | ||||||||||
| Shamshirgaran (2017) (83) | - Diabetes clinic - Iran (2013-2014) | - 256 (29%) - 54 ± 9 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - 58% OAD 29% OAD + insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | ||||||||
| Shim (2011) (84) | - Outpatient clinic - Korea (2008) | - 784 (50%) - 54 ± 12 y | - 9 ± 7 y - Clinically diagnosed - 0% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Skomro (2001) (85) | - Outpatient clinic - Canada (NR) | - 58 (50%) - 57 ± 15 y | - 10 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - Interview - Difficulty with sleep onset or maintenance ≥3 times/wk | x | ||||||||||
| Sokwalla (2017) (86) | - Outpatient clinic - Kenya (2012) | - 228 (42%) - 57 ± 12 y | - 10 ± 8 y - Clinically diagnosed - 36% OAD 13% insulin 50% insulin + OAD | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | |||||||||
| Song (2013) (87] | - Outpatient clinic - China (2012) | - 140 (59%) - 57 ± 14 y | - 20% = >10 y - Clinically diagnosed - 100% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Sridhar (1994) (88) | - Diabetes center - India (NR) | - 184 (82%) - 46 ± NR | - Normal sleep: 5 ± 6 y Abnormal sleep: 4 ± 5 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - Self-report - Variable 1: difficulty falling asleep ≥3 times/ wk for ≥2 wks - Variable 2: difficulty in maintaining sleep; interrupted sleep ≥2/night and problems going back to sleep | x | ||||||||||
| Sudore (2012) (89) | - Diabetes registry - USA (2005–2006) | - 13 171 (52%) - 60 ± 10 y | - 10 ± 8 y - Clinically diagnosed - 21% insulin | - PHQ9 - Sleep disturbance = almost every day difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or excessive sleep | x | ||||||||||
| Tang (2014) (90) | - Hospital - China (2013–2014) | - 551 (55%) - 57 ± 10 y | - 9 ± 8 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Tanjani (2015) (91) | - General population - Iran (2012) | - 297 DM (41%) - 60–76 y | - NR - Self-report - NR | - GDS - Insomnia: yes/no | x | ||||||||||
| Telford (2018) (92) | - Primary care clinic - USA (NR) | - 281 (52%) - 62 ± 9 y | - NR - Clinically diagnosed - 44% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| Thongsai (2013) (93) | - Outpatient clinic - Thailand (2013) | - 209 (40%) - 40% > 60 y | - 62% = 3–5 y 38% >5 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - CES-D questionnaire - Difficulty sleeping (never, sometimes, quite often, always) | x | ||||||||||
| Torella (2015) (94) | - Diabetes clinic - Spain (2011–2013) | - 145 (51%) - 60 ± 10 y | - 14 ± 10 y - Clinically diagnosed - 73% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Trento (2008) (95) | - NR - Italy (NR) | - 47 (68%) - 61 ± 5 y | - 17 (8–31) y - Clinically diagnosed - 100% OAD | - Actigraphy: sleep efficiency + sleep latency - NA | x | ||||||||||
| Tsai (2012) (96) | - Outpatient clinic - Taiwan (2009) | - 46 (61%) - 60 ± 10 y | - >1 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - PSQI - PSQI ≥8 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Tsujimura (2009) (97) | - NR - Japan (NR) | - 19 (58%) - 63 ± 10 y | - 7 (1–20) y - WHO 1981 - NR | - Actigraphy: sleep efficiency + wake after sleep onset - NA | x | x | |||||||||
| Vernon (2008) (98) | - Clinical centers - North America, Australia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom | - 388 (±58) - ±59 (21–85) y | - ±11 y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - MOS-SS questionnaire - MOS score >52.5 = sleep disturbance | x | ||||||||||
| Wei (2017) (99) | - Outpatient clinic - China (2015) | - 206 (50%) - 60 [56–63] y | - Newly diagnosed - WHO 1999 - 0% OAD | - PSQI - PSQI >5 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| Yagi (2011) (100) | - Outpatient clinic - Japan (baseline 1996–1998) | - 270 (55%) - 67 ± 10 y | - 18 ± 9 y - Clinically diagnosed - 41% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI >5.5 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Zelman (2006) (101) | - Tertiary care - USA (2003) | - 255 (45%) - 61 ± 13 y | - 9 [4–18] y - Clinically diagnosed - NR | - MOS-SS - No, some or sleep problems | x | ||||||||||
| Zhang (2016) (63) | - T2D registry - China (2012) | - 944 (39%) - 64 ± 10 y | - 6 ± 5 y - Clinically diagnosed - 12% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI ≥7 = insomnia symptoms | x | ||||||||||
| Zhu (2014) (102) | - Hospital - China (2013–2014) | - 206 (66%) - 57 ± 11 y | - 10 ± 7 y - Clinically diagnosed - 60% insulin | - PSQI - PSQI ≥8 = insomnia symptoms | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| Zhu (2018) (103) | - Convenience sample - USA (2013–2014) | - 90 (48%) - 57 ± 8 y | - 9 ± 7 y - Self-report - NR | - PROMIS - Sleep disturbance = perceived difficulties in getting or staying asleep | x |
Abbreviations: AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MOS-SS, Medical Outcomes Study - Sleep Scale; NA, not applicable; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR, not reported; OAD, oral antidiabetic drugs; PHQ9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride; UAE, United Arabic Emirates; WHO, World Health Organization.