Table 1.
Human norovirus and its surrogates.
| Virus | Classification | Genome organization | Natural host | In vitro replication | Reverse genetic system | Causes diarrhea in natural host | Fecal-oral route/shedding in feces | Small animal model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human norovirus | GI, GII, GIV Norovirus | 3 ORF | Humans | No. Norwalk replicon-bearing cell line | No | Yes | Yes | Yes. Rag-γc-deficient mice |
| Murine norovirus | GV Norovirus | 3 ORF + ORF4 (VF1) | Mice | Yes. Murine macrophages (RAW264.7) and dendritic cells; murine microglial BV-2 cell line | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes. Wild-type, RAG/STAT1−/−; IFN receptor deficient− |
| Feline calicivirus | Vesivirus | 3 ORF | Cats | Yes. Feline kidney cell line (CFRK) | Yes | No | No | No |
| Porcine enteric calicivirus | Sapovirus | 2 ORF | Swine | Yes. Porcine kidney cell line (LLC-PK) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Tulane virus | Recovirus | 3 ORF | Macaques | Yes. Monkey kidney cell line (LLC-MK2) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |