Table 1.

Reported potential applications of βGLU activity as a biomarker.

Pathological Condition	Significance of βGLU activity	Media	Study size	Parameter with significant correlation to βGLU activity	βGLU activity in diseased subjects compared to controls	Required βGLU activity	Ref
Periodontal Disease	Biomarker of •oral inflammation •disease risk and •disease severity	Saliva	380	•Mean PD •Mean Gg-I •Number of sites with PD ≥ 5 mm •CAL (W) • Blood’s total number of ⁃ white blood cells ⁃ neutrophils and ⁃ monocytes	•Elevated	≥100 units	[69]
	Biomarker of disease susceptibility		70	•PD •CAL •Lymphocyte count		˃ 100 units	[70]
			200	NS		NS	[71]
	Biomarker of disease status	GCF	14	•GCF volume •PD •CAL •Gg-I			[72]
	Biomarker of disease severity and assessment of non-surgical therapy	Saliva	31	NS			[73]
Diabetes and Periodontitis	Biomarker of disease risk		80	•PD •CAL	•Elevated in all •Highest in diabetic subjects		[86]
	Biomarker of disease status and severity	Serum	350		•Elevated in all •Highest in periodontitis subjects		[87]
		Peripheral venous blood neutrophilic leukocytes	165		•Elevated in all •Highest in diabetic subjects		[88]
		Saliva	192	NS	•Elevated in all •Highest in periodontitis subjects		[89]
		GCF	45	•PD •CAL •BOP			[90]
Colon Cancer	Tumour biomarker	Serum	38	•Clinical grading •Cell maturity	•Elevated	>208.10 pKat/mL	[96]
Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer	Biomarker of tumour status and severity	Peritoneal fluid	35	•Cancer Stage	•Elevated in all •Highest in patient with stage IV cancer	NS	[97]
Pelvic inflammatory disease	Biomarker of disease status			NS	•Higher in patients with ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess compared to those with acute salpingitis
Bacterial peritonitis	Biomarker for early disease diagnosis and assessment of therapeutic intervention		71		•Elevated in all regardless of the origin of peritoneal inflammation •Higher in patients with culture positive bacterial peritonitis		[98]
Bacterial meningitis		CSF	140		•Elevated		[99]
Sterile CSF pleocytosis due to UTI or meningitis	Biomarker for differential diagnosis		92		•Elevated in all •Highest in neonates (≤3 months old) with bacterial meningitis		[100]
Bacterial lung infection	Biomarker for disease diagnosis, prognosis and differential BALF bacterial culture screening	BALF	92	BALF levels of •TNF-α •IL-8	•Elevated in all •Higher in subjects with positive BALF bacterial culture •Highest in subjects with recurrent pneumonia	*43 nmol 4MU/ml/h	[101]
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning	Biomarker of poisoning severity	Plasma	74	NS	•Elevated in all •Higher in severely poisoned subjects	NS	[108]
			108	•BuChE activity •AcP activity			[109]
		Serum	21	NS			[110]
			40	•BuChE activity	•Elevated in all •Highest in mildly poisoned subjects		[111]
		Plasma	220	•BuChE activity •AChE activity (N) •Blood glucose •Total lipids •Triglyceride •Cholesterol •Lipoproteins •Liver function parameters			[112]
			284**	AChE activity •Chronic exposure (W) •Acute exposure (N)	•Elevated in 16.5% and 60% of subjects with chronic and acute exposure respectively		[113]

NS: Not specified; W: weak correlation; N: No correlation; PI: Russell periodontal index; *threshold to distinguish culture positive from culture negative BALF; ** acute exposure (5), chronic exposure (230).