Cost
Study	Outcomes	Notes
Brumley 2007	Controlling for survival, age, severity of illness and primary disease, adjusted mean cost (SD) T= $12,670 ($12,523) C= $20,222 ($30,026) Average cost per day incurred by those on intervention arm ($95.30) was significantly lower than that of comparator group ($212.80) (t = ‐2.417; P = 0.02)	Service costs were calculated using actual costs for contracted medical services in Colorado and proxy cost estimates for all services provided within the HMO as services within the HMO are not billed separately. Costs were based on figures from 2002 Hospitalisation and emergency department cost estimates were calculated using aggregated data from more than 500,000 HMO patient records and include ancillary services such as laboratory and radiology. Costs of physician office visits included nurse and clerk expenses. Home health and palliative care visits were calculated using average time spent on each visit and multiplying that by the cost for each discipline’s reimbursement rate. Proxy costs generated for hospital days and emergency department visits were significantly lower than the actual costs received from contracted providers. Total cost variable was constructed by aggregating costs for physician visits, emergency department visits, hospital days, skilled nursing facility days and home health or palliative days accumulated from the point of study enrolment until the end of the study period or death
Hughes 1992	1986 prices (average costs) Home care T= $1,001, C=, P = 0.001 VA hospital T= $1,795, C= $3,434, P = 0.02 Cost of all institutional care T= 2341.79, C= $3757.37, P = 0.05 Total costs (VA hospital, private hospital, nursing home, outpatient clinic, home care, community nursing) T= $3,479.36, C= $4,248.68