Figure 1.

Main metabolic pathways in T cells. Cellular metabolism is controlled by many factors, including transcription factors. Red arrow means “enhance or activate”, whereas blue line means “inhibit or inactivate”. Acetyl Co-A, acetyl coenzyme A; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; PKM2, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2; CaMK4, calcium/calmodulin–dependent protein kinase IV; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; ICER, inducible cAMP early repressor; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; ETC, electron transport chain; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; ROS, reactive oxygen species.