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Oxidation sources and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms. (A) Cytoplasm: environment with different oxidative stress sources and pigments. (B-F) Membrane: (B) lipid peroxidation; (C) thick cell wall formed by saturated lipids; (D) membrane with high content of unsaturated lipids; (E) efflux pump; (F) Heat shock protein (HSP) stabilizing lipids. G-H Nucleu: (G) dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB); (H) genes regulation H+ protons, N nucleu, pRB phosphorylated retinoblastoma.
