Table 1.

Recent studies on HBV detection.

Target	Materials/Sensing Strategy	Detection limit (limit of detection)	Time	Advantages	Limitations	Reference Number
HBV-DNA	Paper based electrochemical platform/Electrochemical	85 pM	5 min	Cost-effective, easy fabrication	Require Electrochemical Instrument	[32]
HBV-DNA	cationic polythiophene/Optical	1nM- 10 μM (600 pM)	45 min	paper-based assay, cost-effective	sensitivity issue in undiluted plasma	[33]
HBV-DNA	Micro-Scale chip based PCR	100-1000 copies/μL (278copies/μL)	NA	Low sample volume	solution based assay, tedious sample preparation	[34]
HBV-DNA	Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles/Optical	0.01 pM	NA	Very low detection limit	Not cost effective Tedious fabrication steps	[35]
HBsAg	Gold coated slides/Surface Plasmon Resonance	0.002–1 U/mL	10 min	Label Free	Require Optical instrument	[36]
HBV-DNA	Copper nanocluster/Optical	20 fmol	NA	Very low detection limit	Require Optical instrument	[37]
HCV RNA	Gold nanoparticles/Optical	4.6 U/μL	30 min	Direct forward Colorimetric detection	Not cost effective Tedious fabrication steps	[38]
HBV-DNA	cationic polythiophene impregnated cartridge	1nM-1μM	30 min	Cartridge-based assay, no external equipment for sample preparation	sensitivity issue in undiluted plasma	Present work