Table 9.5.
Concentration of select agents in sewage and duration of agent release after infection of individuals. see Sinclair et al., (2008) for the following category A agents: Variola major, Hantavirus, Marburg virus, and Flavivirus
| Agent | Category | Fluid | Concentrationa | Duration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. Botulinum | A | Feces | 108 | ? | Paton et al. (1983) |
| C. Psittaci | B | Feces | 102–103 | 28 daysb | Takahashi et al. (1988) |
| B. Abortus | B | Urine | 102–106 | 8–12 weeks | Bicknell and Bell (1979); Carmichael and Joubert (1988); Serikawa et al. (1981) |
| Japanese encephalitis | B | Urine | 1–4 | 3 days | Mathur et al. (1995) |
| Enteroviruses | B | Feces | 108–1012 | Weeks to Months | Maier et al. (2000) |
| Protozoa | B | Feces | 106–107 | Weeks to Months | Maier et al. (2000) |
| C. Burnetii | B | Feces | 103–104 | 7 days | Tylewska-Wierzbanowska and Kruszewska (1993) |
| Influenza | C | Nasal | 105–107 | 5 days to Weeks | Belshe (1991) |
a
per “milliliter” of volume or “gram” of solid.
b
Animals.