Table 9.11.

Survival time of pathogens in the environment (water, feces, urine, sewage) (Belanov et al., 1996, Belshe, 1991, Mitscherlich and Marth, 1984, Sinclair et al., 2008)

Organism	Days of survival
B. anthracis	Weeks to years
C. botulinum	Weeks
Y. pestis	Days
Variola major (smallpox)	Weeks to months
F. tularensis	12–60 days
Marburg virus (surfaces)	4–5 days
Enteric pathogens	Days to months
B. mallei	28–35 days
Psittacosis (C. psittaci)	Days
Q fever (C. burnetti)	30–1000 days
Typhus fever (Rickettsia typhi)	Hours to days
Influenza (surfaces)	3 days