Table 1.
Examples of Studies that Used Different Strategies for Data Normalization Based on Exogenous or Endogenous miRNAs
| Normalization Method | Authors | Study | Reference Genes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exogenous | ||||
| Wang et al. | miRNAs in serum from lung cancer patients | Cel-miR-39 | [77] | |
| Yang et al. | miR-20 role in gastric cancer | Cel-miR-39 | [78] | |
| Ho et al. | miR-210 in plasma from pancreatic cancer patients | Cel-miR-54 | [79] | |
| Mitchell et al. | miRNA in serum/plasma from prostatic cancer patients | Cel-miR-39, Cel-miR-54, Cel-miR-238 (averaged) | [80] | |
| Sourvinou et al. | miR-21 from healthy subjects and small cell lung cancer patients | Cel-miR-39, hsa-miR-16 (combination of exogenous and endogenous reference gene) | [81] | |
| Anadol et al. | miRNAs in serum from HIV positive patients | SV40 | [82] | |
| Wang et al. | miRNAs in serum from sepsis and SIRS patients and healthy subjects | mmu-miR-295 (murine miRNA) | [83] | |
| Endogenous | ||||
| Small Nuclear RNAs | Huang et al. | miRNAs in plasma from colorectal neoplasia patients | RNU6B | [84] |
| Benz et al. | miRNAs in plasma from healthy subjects and critically ill and liver fibrosis patients | RNU6B | [85] | |
| Single miRNA | Lawrie et al. | miRNAs in serum from healthy subjects and large B-cell lymphoma patients | hsa-miR-16 | [86] |
| Wong et al. | miR-184 in plasma from squamous cell carcinoma patients | hsa-miR-16 | [87] | |
| Resnick et al. | miRNAs in serum from ovarian carcinoma patients | hsa-miR-142-3p | [88] | |
| Hu et al. | Circulating miRNAs in eight different cancer patients and controls | hsa-miR-1228 | [89] | |
| Tan et al. | miRNAs in serum from primary biliary cirrhosis patients | hsa-miR-24 | [90] | |
| Tan et al. | miRNAs in serum from hepatocellular carcinoma patients | hsa-miR-24 | [91] | |
| Krissansen et al. | miRNAs in serum from inflammatory bowel diseases patients | hsa-miR-484 | [92] | |
| Hao et al. | miRNAs in serum from multiple myeloma patients | hsa-miR-423-5p | [93] | |
| Grassmann et al. | miRNA associated with late stage neovascular age-related macular degeneration | hsa-miR-451 | [94] | |
| Multiple miRNAs | McDermott et al. | Brest cancer study | hsa-miR-16 and hsa-miR-425 (geNorm) | [95] |
| Song et al. | miRNAs in serum from gastric cancer patients | hsa-miR-16 and hsa-miR-93 (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Comparative ΔCt) | [96] | |
| Tang et al. | miRNAs in plasma from hepatocellular carcinoma patients | hsa-miR-21 and hsa-miR-106a (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Comparative ΔCt) | [97] | |
| Wang et al. | miR-148b-3p in serum from bladder cancer patients | hsa-miR-16a and hsa-miR-193a-5p (geNorm, NormFinder) | [98] | |
| Li et al. | miRNAs in serum from hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma patients | hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-191, hsa-let -7a, hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-181c, hsa-miR-26a (geNorm, NormFinder) | [99] | |
| Sansoni et al. | Fracture risk-associated miRNAs in serum | hsa-miR425-5p and hsa-miR-484 | [21] | |
| Danese et al. | miRNAs from exosome, plasma, and tissue from colorectal adenocarcinoma patients | hsa-miR-1228 and hsa-miR-520d | [100] | |
| Mean of all Expressed Genes | Mestdagh et al. | miRNAs in different tissues: normalization on large amount of data | Global mean | [101] |
Cel-miR, Caenorabditis elegans miRNA; hsa-miR/has-let, Homo sapiens miRNA; SV40, simian virus 40; mmu-miR, Mus musculus miRNA; RNU, small nucleolar RNA.