Table 5.

Concentration of viruses detected in untreated wastewater by qPCR.

Genome copies per liter	Virus	Location	Remarks	Reference
51,000,000	Norovirus GI, GII	Tucson, Arizona, United States of America	Sample collected the same day; composite sample; 24% efficiency	Schmitz et al., 2016
15,500,000	Adenovirus
1,100,800	Norovirus GI, GII	Tucson, AZ, USA	105.3% efficiency	Kitajima et al., 2014
5,191,200	Adenovirus		73.8% efficiency
31,000,000	Rotavirus	Yungas region, Bolivia	>10% efficiency	Symonds et al., 2014.
158,000	Norovirus GI	Kyoto, Shiga, Saitama, Osaka, Tokyo, Ibaraki, Japan	19% efficiency	Katayama et al., 2008
316,227	Adenovirus
5,700,000,000	Norovirus GII	Central Italy	35% efficiency	La Rosa et al., 2010
1,600,000,000	Norovirus GI
9,800,000,000	Adenovirus
1,258,925,412	Adenovirus	Traverse City, Michigan, USA	1 MDS method for conc. 30–50% efficiency	Simmons et al., 2011
398,107,170	Norovirus GII
1,000,000,000	Norovirus GI	Northwestern France	Composite; efficiency >10%	Da Silva et al., 2007
60,000,000	Norovirus GII
1,000,000,000	Norovirus GI	Northwest France	Grab; >10% efficiency	Da Silva et al., 2008
39,810,717	Norovirus GII
2,200,000	Adenovirus	Japan	Not given	Hata et al., 2012
510,000	Sapovirus
416,686,938	Adenovirus	Several treatment plants across New Zealand	Beef extract flocculation –eff. Not given	Hewitt et al., 2011
4,677,351	Enterovirus
63,095,734	Adenovirus	Edmonton, Canada	30 to 50% efficiency	Qiu et al., 2015
19,952,623	Reovirus
10,000,000	Norovirus
10,000,000	Sapovirus
12,589,254	Norovirus GII	New Orleans, Louisiana, USA	Composite; eff. Not provided; ultracentrifugation	Montazeri et al., 2015
12,589,254	Norovirus GI