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(a) HOCH(CH2OH)2, H3AsO4, H2SO4, H2O, 130–140 °C, 2.5 h, 53%; (b) POCl3/PCl5, reflux, 5 h, 81%; (c) 10% Pd on charcoal, H2, EtOH, KOH, 3 h, 36%; (d) Na–Hg, EtOH, H2O, NaHCO3, 4–5 h, 47%; (e) H2C = CHCHO, H3AsO4, H3PO4, 100–110 °C, 1 h, 8.5%.
