Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants in Ethiopia, 2000–2016.
| Variables | 2000 (N = 3680) | 2005 (N = 3528) | 2011 (N = 4037) | 2016 (N = 3861) | 2000–2016 (N = 15,106) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||
| Maternal education | |||||
| No schooling | 3434 (81.1) | 3120 (77.9) | 2802 (66.8) | 2460 (60.3) | 11846 (71.5) |
| Primary school | 582 (13.7) | 705 (17.6) | 1204 (28.7) | 1262 (30.9) | 3753 (22.7) |
| Secondary and higher | 220 (5.2) | 183 (4.5) | 191 (4.5) | 360 (8.8) | 954 (5.8) |
| Maternal employment | |||||
| No employment | 1640 (38.7) | 2915 (72.8) | 2096 (50.4) | 2416 (59.2) | 9066 (55.0) |
| Formal employment | 373 (8.8) | 284 (7.1) | 686 (16.5) | 508 (12.4) | 1851 (11.2) |
| Informal employment | 2222 (52.5) | 804 (20.1) | 1379 (33.1) | 1160 (28.4) | 5565 (33.8) |
| Partner education | |||||
| No schooling | 2599 (62.2) | 2230 (56.2) | 1989 (48.1) | 1744 (45.2) | 8562 (53.1) |
| Primary school | 1098 (26.3) | 1289 (32.5) | 1765 (42.7) | 1548 (40.1) | 5700 (35.3) |
| Secondary and higher | 480 (11.5) | 449 (11.3) | 380 (9.2) | 569 (14.7) | 1878 (11.6) |
| Household wealth status | |||||
| Poor | 129 5(30.6) | 1711 (42.7) | 1913 (45.6) | 1846 (45.2) | 6765 (40.9) |
| Middle | 1197 (28.3) | 879 (21.9) | 878 (20.9) | 859 (21.0) | 3812 (12.1) |
| Rich | 1743 (41.2) | 1417 (35.4) | 1407 (33.5) | 1378 (33.8) | 5946 (36.0) |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Maternal age | |||||
| 15–24 years | 1408 (33.3) | 1267 (31.6) | 1285 (30.6) | 1207 ((29.6) | 5167 (31.3) |
| 25–34 years | 1936 (45.7) | 1900 (47.4) | 2077 (49.5) | 2067 (50.6) | 7980 (48.3) |
| 35–49 years | 891 (21) | 840 (21.0) | 835 (1.9) | 809 (19.8) | 3375 (20.4) |
| Family size | |||||
| ≤ 3 | 471 (11.1) | 426 (10.6) | 485 (11.6) | 484 (11.8) | 1866 (11.3) |
| 4–5 | 1445 (34.1) | 1321 (33.0) | 1447 (34.5) | 1411 (34.6) | 5624 (34.0) |
| 6+ | 2319 (54.8) | 2260 (56.4) | 2265 (54.9) | 2188 (53.6) | 9032 (54.7) |
| Listening radio | |||||
| No | 3161 (74.7) | 2576 (64.3) | 2094 (49.9) | 2973 (72.8) | 10805 (65.4) |
| Yes | 1072 (25.3) | 1431 (35.7) | 2101 (50.1) | 1110 (27.2) | 5714 (34.6) |
| Reading magazine | |||||
| No | 3985 (94.1) | 3761 (94.0) | 3846 (91.7) | 3802 (93.1) | 15394 (93.2) |
| Yes | 250 (5.9) | 238 (6.0) | 349 (8.3) | 281 (6.9) | 1118 (6.8) |
| Watching TV | |||||
| No | 4007 (94.7) | 3637 (90.9) | 2763 (65.9) | 3333 (81.6) | 13740 (83.3) |
| Yes | 225 (5.3) | 363 (9.1) | 1428 (34.1) | 750 (18.4) | 2765 (16.8) |
| Desire for pregnancy | |||||
| Desired the pregnancy | 3456 (81.6) | 3293 (82.2) | 3755 (89.5) | 3740 (91.6) | 14243 (86.2) |
| Not desired the pregnancy | 778 (18.4) | 714 (17.8) | 442 (10.5) | 343 (8.4) | 2277 (13.8) |
| Household factors | |||||
| Type of fuel for cooking | |||||
| Improved | 256 (6.0) | 87 (2.2) | 178 (4.3) | 215 (5.3) | 735 (4.5) |
| Not improved | 3980 (94.0) | 3919 (97.8) | 4012 (95.7) | 3865 (94.7) | 15776 (95.5) |
| Source of drinking water | |||||
| Improved | 1842 (43.5) | 2247 (56.1) | 1511 (36.0) | 1862 (45.6) | 7463 (45.2) |
| Not improved | 2394 (56.5) | 1760 (43.9) | 2686 (64.0) | 2221 (54.4) | 9060 (54.8) |
| Type of toilet system | |||||
| Improved | 590 (13.9) | 387 (9.7) | 523 (12.5) | 415 (10.2) | 1914 (9.5) |
| Not improved | 3646 (86.1) | 3620 (90.3) | 3674 (87.5) | 3668 (89.8) | 14608 (88.4) |
| Health service factors | |||||
| Ever received vaccine | |||||
| No | 1448 (45.9) | 1343 (52.0) | 1245 (42.2) | 1121 (42.5) | 5157 (45.6) |
| Yes | 1705 (54.1) | 1238 (48.0) | 1690 (57.6) | 1518 (57.5) | 6151 (54.4) |
| Antenatal Visit | |||||
| None | 3122 (74.2) | 2845 (71.3) | 2369 (56.6) | 1412 (34.8) | 9748 (59.3) |
| 1–3 visits | 691 (16.4) | 664 (16.6) | 1085 (25.9) | 1288 (31.7) | 3727 (22.6) |
| 4+ visits | 396 (9.4) | 479 (12) | 735 (17.6) | 1362 (33.5) | 2972 (18.1) |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Vaginal birthing | 4205 (99.5) | 3968 (99) | 4115 (98.1) | 3978 (97.4) | 16266 (98.5) |
| Caesarean section | 23 (0.5) | 39 (1.0) | 82 (1.9) | 105 (2.6) | 250 (1.5) |
| Place of birth | |||||
| Home | 4028 (95.1) | 3763 (93.9) | 3721 (88.7) | 2593 (63.5) | 14104 (85.4) |
| Health facility | 208 (4.9) | 242 (6.1) | 476 (11.4) | 1490 (36.5) | 2416 (14.6) |
| Delivery assistance | |||||
| Health professional | 3397 (24.1) | 432 (11.4) | 491 (12.1) | 1521 (43.9) | 2829 (18.5) |
| Traditional birth attendant | 3103 (22.0) | 522 (13.8) | 253 (6.2) | 1387 (40.0) | 3002 (19.6) |
| Others untrained | 7621 (54.0) | 2829 (74.8) | 3304 (81.6) | 560 (16.1) | 9460 (61.9) |
| Timing of postnatal check-up | |||||
| None | 4006 (94.6) | 3786 (94.5) | 4065 (96.9) | 3776 (92.3) | 15632 (94.6) |
| Within a week | 179 (4.2) | 176 (4.4) | 42 (1.0) | 154 (3.8) | 551 (3.3) |
| After a week | 50 (1.2) | 46 (1.1) | 90 (2.1) | 153 (3.7) | 338 (2.10) |
| Community-level factors | |||||
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | 405 (9.6) | 296 (7.4) | 558 (13.3) | 492 (12.0) | 1750 (10.6) |
| Rural | 3831 (90.4) | 3711 (92.6) | 3639 (86.7) | 3591 (88.0) | 14773 (89.4) |
| Region of residence | |||||
| Tigray | 251 (5.9) | 242 (6.1) | 261 (6.2) | 299 (7.3) | 1053 (6.4) |
| Afar | 35 (8.4) | 37 (9.2) | 37 (8.8) | 39 (9.6) | 149 (1.0) |
| Amhara | 1092 (25.8) | 946 (23.6) | 923 (22.0) | 751 (18.4) | 3712 (22.5) |
| Oromia | 1736 (41.0) | 1548 (38.6) | 1815 (43.2) | 1827 (44.8) | 6926 (41.9) |
| Somali | 47 (11.1) | 153 (3.8) | 120 (2.9) | 170 (4.2) | 490 (3.0) |
| Benishangul | 43 (1.0) | 37 (9.3) | 48 (1.1) | 43 (1.1) | 171 (1.0) |
| SNNPR* | 931 (22.0) | 953 (23.8) | 867 (20.7) | 815 (20.0) | 3566 (21.6) |
| Gambella | 10 (2.4) | 10 (2.5) | 13 (3.2) | 10 (2.4) | 43 (2.6) |
| Metropolis | 89 (2.1) | 80 (2.0) | 113 (2.7) | 130 (3.2) | 413 (2.5) |
n (%): weighted count and proportion for each variable
*SNNPR: Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region