Table 1. Antimicrobial and resistance modulatory activity of (-)-α-pinene with antibiotics ciprofloxacin and erythromycin in 57 Campylobacter jejuni strains from chicken meat (strain code, CB), turkey meat (strain code, CT), human feces (strain codes F, X) and the reference strain NCTC 11168.

Strain	(-)-α-Pinene	Ciprofloxacin			Erythromycin
code	MIC (mg/L)	MIC (mg/L)		Fold	MIC (mg/L)		Fold
	Alone	Alone	Plus (-)-α-pinenea	changeb	Alone	Plus (-)-α-pinenea	changeb
CB1:6	1000	16	<0.125	>128	0.5	<0.002	>256
CB1:14	1000	16	<0.125	>128	0.5	<0.002	>256
CB1:18	1000	16	<0.125	>128	0.5	0.125	4
CB2:6	2000	64	16	4	0.5	0.06	8
CB2:8	2000	64	32	2	0.5	0.25	2
CB2:11	1000	8	4	2	0.5	0.25	2
CB3:1	2000	0.125	0.06	2	0.25	0.06	4
CB3:5	2000	0.25	0.06	4	0.5	0.25	2
CB 4:21	1000	0.06	0.03	2	0.06	<0.002	>32
CB 4:22	2000	0.125	0.001	128	0.06	0.002	32
CB 6:8	2000	0.06	0.008	8	0.125	<0.002	>64
CB 6:9	2000	0.06	0.03	2	0.125	0.06	2
CB 6:26	2000	0.06	0.03	2	0.25	0.125	2
CB 7:15	1000	8	<0.06	>128	0.25	<0.002	>128
CB 7:21	2000	8	1	8	0.125	<0.002	>64
CB 8:14	2000	0.06	0.001	64	0.125	0.002	64
CB 8:15	1000	0.06	0.001	64	0.5	<0.002	>256
CT 1:1	2000	16	1	16	0.5	0.03	16
CT 1:9	1000	16	2	8	0.5	0.06	8
CT 2:2	2000	16	<0.06	>256	256	<1	>256
CT 3:5	2000	0.06	<0.001	>64	0.03	<0.002	16
CT3:11	500	4	<0.06	>64	-	-	-
CT3:19	2000	16	<0.06	>256	512	<1	>512
CT4:4	2000	16	8	2	128	64	2
CT4:14	2000	8	8	1	128	64	2
CT5:2	2000	16	4	4	256	256	1
CT5:8	2000	8	2	4	256	16	16
CT5:10	2000	16	<0.06	>256	256	<1	>256
CT5:12	2000	16	4	4	256	32	8
CT5:18	2000	16	4	4	256	64	4
CT 6:18	2000	8	0.5	16	128	<1	>128
CT 6:8	2000	16	2	8	256	<1	>256
CT 6:16	2000	0.03	<0.001	>32	128	<1	>128
CT 7:2	2000	0.03	<0.001	>32	0.06	0.002	32
CT 8: 28	2000	8	1	8	0.25	<0.008	>32
CT 8:29	>2000	4	<0.06	>64	64	8	8
CT 8:22	2000	4	0.5	8	0.5	0.5	1
CT 9:14	2000	0.25	<0.002	>128	2	<0.008	>256
CT 10:18	1000	0.06	<0.002	>32	0.25	<0.008	>32
CT 9:21	1000	0.125	<0.002	>64	2	<0.008	>256
F6501	>2000	0.125	0.06	2	0.25	0.125	2
H2958	2000	0.125	0.03	4	0.5	0.25	2
M63885	2000	0.25	<0.002	>128	0.5	<0.008	>64
T59822	2000	0.125	0.016	8	0.25	0.06	4
W14861	>2000	0.25	0.25	1	2	2	1
X60179	2000	8	<0.06	>128	0.25	<0.002	>128
F15871	>2000	0.125	0.06	2	1	0.5	2
W11805	2000	0.06	0.031	2	0.25	0.06	4
M402	>2000	0.06	0.031	2	1	0.5	2
W28752	2000	0.06	0.008	8	0.5	<0.002	>256
M33323	2000	0.06	0.06	1	0.25	0.25	1
W64861	2000	0.125	0.06	2	0.25	0.25	1
M76297	2000	0.06	0.03	2	0.25	0.125	2
E46972	>2000	1	<0.002	>512	0.25	<0.008	>32
M36292	2000	0.06	<0.002	>32	0.25	<0.008	>32
X7199	>2000	16	16	1	0.25	0.125	>32
NCTC 11168	2000	0.06	0.03	2	0.25	0.06	4
MIC90c	2000	16	4	4	256	16	16
MIC50d	2000	0.25	0.06	4	0.5	0.06	8

^a Addition of (subinhibitory) 125 mg/L (-)-α-pinene

^b Fold change (improvement) of MIC with addition of 125 mg/L (-)-α-pinene

^c Concentration that inhibits 90% of the tested strains [24]

^d Concentration that inhibits 50% of the tested strains [24]