Table 7.

Risk factors for multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia

Risk Factors for MDR Pathogens	Risk Factors for MDR Pseudomonas and Other Gram-Negative Bacilli	Risk Factors for MRSA
IV antibiotic use within previous 3 mo Sepsis accompanying VAP Adult respiratory distress syndrome before VAP Late-onset VAP (5 d or more in ICU/hospital) Dialysis just before VAP	Treatment in an ICU setting with the following: 1. >10% of gram-negative isolates are resistant to one or more antibiotics indicated for VAP 2. Local antimicrobial susceptibilities are unknown	Treatment in a medical ward/ICU in which: 1. >10%–20% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are MRSA 2. Prevalence of MRSA is unknown

Abbreviations: IV, intravenous; MDR, multidrug-resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Adapted from Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:e61; with permission.