Table 6.3.

Factors associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease in one or more studies

Factors directly associated

Increasing age

Male gender

White race

Drinking well water

Diet: animal fat, milk, iron

Obesity

Hysterectomy and/or supplemental estrogen

Midlife constipation

Rapid‐eye movement sleep disorder

Physical and emotional stress

Family history of Parkinson's disease

Rural residence

Pesticides

Farming

Teaching/health care work

Metals

Factors inversely associated

Smoking/tobacco

Caffeine intake

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use

Alcohol

Greater physical activity