Table 2.

Effects of ESN parameters (solution, processing and ambient) on fiber morphology.

Parameters	Effect on NFN morphology	Reference
Polymer concentration ↑	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↑ (within optimal range), pore-width of nano-nets ↓	[33], [108], [111]
Solution conductivity ↑	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↓, coverage rate and density of nano-net ↑	[30], [32], [34], [106]
Surface tension ↓	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↓, optimal morphology at CMC of surfactant in polymer solutions	[30], [32]
Solvent	Lower boiling point and higher dielectric constant of solvent are beneficial to form nano-net; formic acid was identified as good solvent for producing nano-nets	[32], [33], [108], [137]
Applied voltage ↑	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↓, coverage rate and pore-width of nano-net ↑ (within optimal range)	[31], [136]
Tip to collector distance ↑	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↓, pore-width of nano-net ↑	[30]
Ambient temperature ↑	Coverage rate and density of nano-net ↑ initially (15–25 °C), then ↓ (>25 °C)	[30], [108]
Ambient humidity ↑	Fiber and nanowire diameter ↓, coverage rate ↓, fiber-sticking and beads ↑	[30], [31], [108]

↑: Increasing the parameter; ↓: decreasing the parameter.