Fig. 1.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) profile of concanavalin A (Con A), defining the interaction regions between Con A and HuNoV (GII.4). (A) Heat map at 5, 10, 30, and 100 s. Regions of the protein are highlighted as follows: the green box is the metal coordinating region (MCR); the cyan box is the carbohydrate binding region (CBR); and the red box is the dimerization region (DR). (B–D) X-ray crystallographic structure of regions of Con A (PDB accession: 3NWK). The residues of the MCR are depicted in B and C. (B) Coordination of amino acids, including Glu8, Asp10, His24, and Asp19 with metal ions (Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺). (C) Deuterium exchanges between Ile17 and Asp19 of Con A due to the presence of the P-domain (GII.4) (D) Participation of the β-strand from Ala125 to Lys135 in the formation of a Con A dimer with the equivalent portion of another Con A monomer, forming the DR. One monomer of Con A (green) interacts with the second monomer (gray) through the β-strand (bright orange) for dimerization. Eight hydrogen bonds were detected between these two β-strands (PDB accession 1GIC).