Fig. 3.

Differences of binding affinity from the structures of apo-Con A and metal coordinated Con A. (A) Biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay between Con A and HuNoV (GII.4). The coordinated metal ions lost their coordination when Con A was treated with EDTA. Apo-Con A (EDTA treated Con A) loses binding affinity compared to that of wild type Con A due to the change in the environment of the metal coordinated region. (B) Metal-free Con A (apo-Con A, PDB accession 1DQ1, orange) [38], [39], superimposed images (middle), and metal coordinated Con A (holo-Con A, PDB accession 3NWK, gray) are depicted. Subtle changes were observed in the loop regions that were affected by metal coordination. Marine and orange spheres represent Mn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions, respectively.