Table 1.
Contributing collaborating sites, with details of their routine diagnostic assays and patient populations.
| Geographical site | Diagnostic assay used | Respiratory virus targets (denominator population) | Years covered by data (only 2011–2015 data sets presented) | Catchment population (estimate) | Patient age groups (i.e. adult or children, or both) | Testing criteria (i.e. only when symptomatic +/− surveillance) | Patient origin (i.e. inpatient or outpatient, or both) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | |||||||
| Vancouver, Canada (regional) | In-house, Luminex xTAG | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HRV/EV, HAdV, HCoV, HMPV, and HBoV (n = 45,598) | 2011–01 to 2015–12; RSV, PIV | Vancouver and surrounding BC ∼ 4.6 million | Mostly adults | Yes | Mainly in-patients, outbreaks and occasional outpatients |
| Edmonton, Canada (regional) | In-house, Luminex xTAG | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HRV/EV, HAdV, HCoV, HMPV, and HBoV (n = 117,206) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Edmonton and Northern Alberta ∼ 2 million | Adults and children | Yes | Mostly inpatients |
| Halifax, Canada (regional) | Seeplex RV15 | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HRV/EV, HAdV, HCoV, HMPV, and HBoV (n = 12,133) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Halifax, Nova Scotia ∼ 930,000 | Mainly adults but some children | Yes | Mainly in patient and outbreak related specimens. Very few out patients were tested |
| Europe | |||||||
| Leicester, UK (regional) | In-house (+PHE assay) | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV 1–4 (n = 13,673) | 2010–01 to 2015–09 | Leicester and surroundings, UK ∼ 330,000 | Adults and children | Yes | Mostly inpatients |
| Cambridge, UK (regional) | In-house validated single-/multiplex PCR assays | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV 1–4 (n = 36,228) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Cambridge and surroundings ∼ 200,000 | Adults and children | Yes | Mostly inpatients |
| Turku, Finland (regional) | Seeplex RV12 (2010–2012; Anyplex RV16 (2013–2015) | IAV, IBV, RSV A and B, PIV1-3, PIV4 (2013–2015), RV, HCoV (OC43, 229E, NL63), HMPV, HAdV, HBoV (2013–2015), EV (2013–2015) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Turku and Southwest Finland ∼ 450,000 | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly in-patients – few outpatients |
| Rotterdam, The Netherlands (local) | In-house validated single-/multiplex PCR assays | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HMPV, HCoV (excl. HKU1), HRV, HBoV HAdV (n = 8424) | 2010–01 to 2015–10 | Rotterdam, Netherlands ∼ 600,000 | Adults and children | Mostly, though occasionally for outbreaks also | Mixture of in- and out-patients |
| Africa | |||||||
| Rwanda (national) | Fast Track FTD21 | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HAdV, HMPV, HRV, HCoV, HBoV, EV, HPEV (n = 1397) | 2012–02 to 2013–09 | Rwanda ∼ 11 million | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly in-patients – any outpatients – pending |
| Madagascar (national) | Fast Track FTD21 | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HAdV, HMPV, HRV, HCoV, HBoV, EV, HPEV (n = 6483) | 2011–01 to 2015–12 | Madagascar (mostly Antananarivo ∼ 700,000) | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly outpatients |
| Middle East | |||||||
| Lebanon (local) | PCR and DFA | IAV, IBV, RSV (n = 473) | 2013–07 to 2015–12 | Beirut ∼ 1.4 million | Mostly children, some adults | Yes | Mainly outpatients |
| East/ Southeast Asia | |||||||
| Mongolia (national) | WHO influenza and Fast Track FTD21 | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HAdV, HMPV, HRV, HCoV, HBoV, EV, HPEV (n = 20,420) | 2010–11 to 2015–12, without 2015–02 | Mongolia ∼ 3 million | Adults and children | Yes | Combined in-patients/out-patients |
| Singapore (local) | In-house, Luminex NxTAG | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HAdV, HMPV, HRV/EV, HCoV, HBoV (n = 1787) | 2012–04 to 2015–12; without 2012–10 | Singapore (National University Hospital) ∼ 1.5 million | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly in-patients |
| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (local) | Luminex xTAG | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HRV/EV, HAdV, HCoV, HMPV, and HBoV (n = 3935) | 2012–02 to 2014–05 | Kuala Lumpur ∼ 7 million | Mainly adults, some children | Yes | Outpatients |
| Hong Kong, China (local) | IFA | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-3, HAdV (n = 69,161) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Shatin district ∼ 0.6 million | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly in-patients |
| Sendai, Japan (local) | viral culture + IFA | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-3, HAdV (n = 7896) | 2011–01 to 2015–10 | Sendai ∼ 1.3 million | Mostly children, but mixed with adults | Yes | Mostly out-patients, but mixed with in-patients |
| Australasia | |||||||
| Brisbane, Australia (regional) | In-house validated single-/multiplex PCR assays | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-3, HAdV, HMPV (n = 160,601) | 2011–01 to 2015–12 | Queensland ∼ 4.7 million | Adults and children | Yes | Mainly in-patients, outpatients – some ED also |
| Sydney, Australia (regional) | In-house validated single-/multiplex PCR assays | IAV, IBV, RSV, HRV, EV, PIV1-3, HAdV, HMPV (n = 482,877) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | New South Wales ∼ 7.7 million | Adults and children | Yes | Combined in-patients/out-patients |
| Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ) (regional) | Fast Track FTD 21 | IAV, IBV, RSV, PIV1-4, HAdV, HMPV, HRV, HCoV, HBoV, EV, HPEV (n = 22,871) | 2010–01 to 2015–12 | Christchurch (1 acute admitting hospital) ∼ 49,500 | Adults and children | Diagnostic or surveillance, all symptomatic. | Mainly in-patients – also outpatients and community surveillance activity |
Abbreviations: PCR – polymerase chain reaction; IFA – immunofluorescence (antigen) assay; NRL – National Reference Laboratory; NUH – National University Hospital (Singapore); PWH/CUHK/NT – Prince of Wales Hospital/The Chinese University of Hong Kong/ New Territories; IAV – influenza A virus; IBV – influenza B virus; RSV – respiratory syncytial virus; PIV1-4 – parainfluenza viruses types 1–4; HAdV – human adenovirus; HMPV – human metapneumovirus; HRV – human rhinovirus; HCoV – human coronavirus; HBoV – human bocavirus; EV – enterovirus; HPEV – human parechovirus; HRV/EV – indicates that the assay cannot distinguish between human rhinovirus and enterovirus.