Table 7.

Landmarks in the history of diagnostic virology.

Year	Landmark
1892	Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions noted at the base of smallpox lesions [70]
1898	Discovery by loeffler and Frosch that foot-and-mouth disease of cattle is caused by a filterable agent, referred to as a virus
1929	Complement fixation method described for detection of antibodies to smallpox, vaccinia, and varicella-zoster viruses [71]
1948	First growth of pathogenic human viruses in tissue culture [69]
1949	Use of spectroscopy with biological perspectives [1]
1956	Detection of influenza virus in respiratory secretions using fluorescent antibody staining [72], [73]
1975	Development of monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic reagents [74]
1985	Discovery of polymerase chain reaction [75]
1992	Development of real-time PCR [76]
2002	Beginning of systematic approaches to virus discovery [76], [77], [78]

Updated from Storch and Wang [68].