Table 2.

Mechanisms of PTX3 in inflammation and innate immunity.

Effects exerted by PTX3	Suggested and/or reported mechanisms by PTX3	References
Protection against infections	- Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens through complement, complement receptor and Fcγ receptor - Enhances viral clearance, suppresses neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory mediators in MHV-1 induced lung injury - Exerts reversible effects depending on bacteria burden (K. Pneumoniae), suppressing neutrophil infiltration and increasing TNFα level in higher inoculation, while facilitating neutrophil infiltration and un-affecting TNFα level in lower inoculation	[64], [68] [67] [71]
Protection against acute myocardial infarction	- Reduces no-reflow area, IL-6 level, neutrophil infiltration and C3 deposition	[72]
Protection after ischemic stroke	- Reduces blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage, and participates in the resolution of edema and glial scar formation	[74]
Protection against lung injury	- Reduces neutrophil infiltration, cell death and fibrin deposition in LPS-induced ALI	[75], [81]
Protection against LPS damage	- Controls IL-10 production, and enhances nitric oxide production from macrophages in a model of endotoxemia	[69]
Protection against acute kidney injury	- Prevents leukocyte recruitment and abrogates acute renal failure	[77]
Detrimental effects	- Facilitates neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNFα, IL-1β, CCL2; CXCL1) in a model of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion Increases IL-1β, CCL2 and CXCL1 mRNA level in ventilation-induced lung injury	[78], [79] [80]