Table 6.
Analytical parameters of recently used clinical sensors and biosensors for bacteria, virus and cancer cells
| Analyte detected (matrix) | Sensor type | Linear range | LODa | Sensitivity (slope) | Additional information | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BACTERIA | ||||||
| Escherichia coli (urine samples) | Electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor based on magnetic beads | 6.4 × 104–6.4 × 108 CFU mL−1 | 3.4 × 104 CFU mL−1 (3y0+s) | [137] | ||
| E. coli (urine samples) | Electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor | 4.8 -4.8 × 108 CFU mL−1 | 24 CFU mL−1 | [138] | ||
| E. coli (serum samples) | Immunosensor based on epoxysilane (ITO) | 10–106 CFU mL−1 | 1 CFU mL−1 | RSD = 3%; n = 3 r2 = 0.999 |
[139] | |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (saliva samples) | Electrochemical immunosensor based on polytyramine (SPE) | 104–107 cells mL−1 | [140] | |||
| VIRUS | ||||||
| Hepatitis C virus core antigen | Electrochemical immunosensor based on Au nanoparticle–ZrO2 nanoparticle–chitosan nanocomposite (GCE) | 2–512 ng mL−1 | 0.17 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3) | 13.68 µA ng−1 mL−2 | RSD = 4.2%; n = 5 r = 0.9968 |
[141] |
| Hepatitis C virus core antigen (serum samples) | Electrochemical immunosensor based on mesoporous carbon–methylene blue nanocomposites | 0.00025–0.3 ng mL−1 | 0.00001 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3) | 355 µA pg−1 mL−2 | RSD = 5.2%; n = 5 r = 0.997 Recovery = 94.8–105.6% |
[142] |
| Avian influenza virus H1N1 | Electrochemical immunosensor based on SWCNT | 1–104 PFU mL−1 | 1 PFU mL−1 | r2 = 0.99 | [143] | |
| Avian influenza virus H9N2 | Electrochemical immunosensor based on magnetic beads | 50–2000 ng mL−1 | 1 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3) | RSD = 4.8%; n = 3 r = 0.997 |
[144] | |
| Dengue virus NS1 protein (serum samples) | Electrochemical immunosensor based on carboxylated MWCNT (SPE) | 40 ng mL−1–2 µg mL−1 | 12 ng mL−1 | 85.59 µA mM−1 cm−2 | CV = 3.4%; n = 6 r = 0.996 Recovery = 98–116% |
[145] |
| CANCER CELLS | ||||||
| Leukaemia cells | Electrochemical cytosensor based on HRP and gold nanoparticle-decorated magnetic Fe3O4 beads | 103–106 cells mL−1 | 660 cells mL−1 | r = 0.995 | [146] | |
| Human cervical carcinoma cells | Electrochemical cytosensor based on ferrocene and SWCNT | 10–106 cells mL−1 | 10 cells mL−1 | RSD = 2.8%; n = 5 | [147] | |
| Human non-small-cell lung cancer cells | Electrochemical cytosensor based on hydrazine and aptamers attached to gold nanoparticles | 15–106 cells mL−1 | 8 cells mL−1 | RSD = 2.8%; n = 10 r = 0.9987 |
[148] | |
| Human liver cancer cells | Electrochemical cytosensor based on aptamers, horseradish peroxidase and gold nanoparticles | 102–107 cells mL−1 | 30 cells mL−1 | RSD = 3.7%; n = 3 r = 0.9952 |
[149] | |
| Human liver cancer cells | Electrochemical cytosensor based on aptamers and gold nanoparticles | 102–107 cells mL−1 | 15 cells mL−1 | RSD = 5.6%; n = 3 r = 0.9917 |
[150] | |
CFU: colony-forming unit; CV: coefficient of variation; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; ITO: indium tin oxide electrode; LOD: limit of detection; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotubes; PFU: plaque-forming unit; RSD: residual standard deviation; SPE: screen-printed electrode; SWCNT: single-walled carbon nanotubes.
a
Determination of LOD: “S/N = 3”: LOD is three times the signal-to-noise ratio; “3y0+s”: LOD is 3 times the blank response (y0) plus the standard deviation (s).