Table 2.

Characteristics of aptasensors for human viral diagnostic purposes

Target	Aptamer	Kd	Detection method	Transducer	Assay time	LOD	Ref.
SARS coronavirus
Nucleocapsid protein (C-terminal)	RNA	1.65 nM	Chemiluminescence immunosorbent assay (CLISA)	Optical	±8 hours	20 pg/mL	[45]
Nucleocapsid protein (C-terminal)	RNA	1.65 nM	Nanoarray aptamer chip	Mass	±6 hours	2 pg/mL	[45]
Nucleocapsid protein	DNA	4.93 ± 0.30 nM	Western blot	Optical	NA	NA	[44]
Influenza virus
Hemagglutinin + virion H5N1	DNA	4.65 nM	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	Optical	1.5 hours	0.128 HAU	[74]
Hemagglutinin H5N1	DNA	4.65 nM	Hydrogel-based quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)	Mass	30 minutes	0.0128 HAU	[64]
Hemagglutinin H5N1	DNA	NA	Bio-nanogate	Electrochemical	1 hour	2.10−3 HAU	[79]
Polyvalent anti-influenza nucleoprotein	DNA	NA	Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)	Optical	>8 hours	0.1 µg/mL HA	[68]
Hemagglutinin type B	RNA	28 ± 3 nM	Sedimentation	Optical	>10 minutes	3.108 VP	[69]
Hemagglutinin type A	RNA	1.6 nM	Sedimentation	Optical	>10 minutes	3.108 VP	[69]
Hemagglutinin type B	RNA	0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.2 µg mL−1	NA	Optical	NA	NA	[33]
Hemagglutinin H1N1	DNA	55.14 ± 22.4 nM	Polymerase chain reaction	Optical	NA	6.4 × 10−3 HA	[35]
Rec. Hemagglutinin I H5N1	DNA	15.3 nM	Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF)	Optical	30 minutes	2–3.5 ng/mL	[67]
Hemagglutinin H1N1	DNA	NA	Functionalized conductive polymer	Electrochemical	<15 minutes	103 PFU/mL	[70]
Human norovirus
Capsid protein VP1	DNA	NA	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	Optical	NA	NA	[59]
Hepatitis C virus
Envelop protein E2	DNA	1.05 ± 1 nM	Enzyme linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA)	Optical	NA	NA	[51]
Envelop protein E2	DNA	0.8–4.0 nM	Enzyme linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA)	Optical	NA	1.25–2.50 × 103 FFU/mL	[47]
Envelop protein E2	DNA	0.8–4.0 nM	Enzyme linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA)	Optical	NA	3.13–6.25 × 102 FFU/mL	[47]
Helicase	RNA	NA	Microcantilever	Mass	NA	100 pg/mL	[49]
Core antigen	DNA	NA	Nucleic acid lateral flow strip	Optical	10 minutes	10 pg/mL	[80]
Core antigen, NS5	RNA	100 nM	Sol–gel chips	Optical	NA	NA	[48]
RNA polymerase	RNA	NA	Microbead-based affinity chromatography chip (µ-BACC)	Mass	NA	9.6 fmol	[50]
Core antigen, NS5B	RNA	6.3 nM	BioLayer Interferometry (BLI)	Optical	NA	700 pg/mL	[46]
Hepatitis B
Surface antigen	RNA	NA	Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)	Optical	NA	1.25 mIU/mL	[61]
Vaccinia virus
Virion	DNA	NA	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	Optical	NA	NA	[36]
Virion	DNA	NA	Electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS)	Electrochemical	>1 hour	330 PFU	[81]
Dengue virus
Genomic nucleic acids	DNA	NA	Fluorescence	Optical	NA	NA	[41]
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-1 Tat protein	RNA	NA	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	Optical	NA	NA	[52]
HIV-1 Tat protein	RNA	NA	Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)	Mass	NA	0.25 ppm	[52]
HIV-1 Reverse transcriptase	DNA	NA	Affinity capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence (CE/LIF)	Optical	<5 minutes	50 nM	[54]
HIV-1 NCp7	RNA	NA	Solid-state nanopores	Electrochemical	NA	NA	[82]
HIV-1 Tat protein	RNA	NA	Diamond field-effect transistor (FET)	Electrochemical	NA	1 nM	[53]

NA, Not available; VP, Virus particles; HAU, Hemagglutination units; HA, Hemagglutinin; PFU, Plaque-forming units; FFU, Focus-forming units; mIU, milli-international units; ppm, parts per million.