Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted differences in medians of overall pneumococcal carriage density in association with participant characteristics in four cross-sectional carriage surveys pre-PCV10 (2012) and annually thereafter (2013–2015) in Fiji (n = 2,441).
| Exposure | Density of overall pneumococcal carriagea (log10 GE/ml) n, median / IQR | Unadjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCV10 vaccination status | 0.408 | 0.210 | ||||
| Not vaccinated | 2026, 4.9 (4.2–5.8) | ref | Ref | |||
| Vaccinatedb | 415, 4.9 (4.0–5.7) | -0.06 (-0.21, 0.08) | -0.13 (-0.35, 0.08) | |||
| Survey year | 0.004 | 0.001 | ||||
| Pre-PCV10 (2012) b | 707, 4.9 (4.2–5.7) | ref | ref | |||
| 1 year post-PCV10 (2013) | 655, 5.2 (4.3–5.9) | 0.28 (0.13, 0.43) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.47) | |||
| 2 years post-PCV10 (2014) | 433, 5.0 (4.1–5.8) | 0.11 (-0.06, 0.27) | 0.18 (0.00, 0.36) | |||
| 3 years post-PCV10 (2015) | 646, 4.9 (4.0–5.7) | 0.00 (-0.15, 0.15) | 0.01 (-0.17, 0.18) | |||
| Ethnicity | 0.012 | 0.053 | ||||
| Fijian of Indian Descent | 495, 4.8 (4.1–5.7) | ref | ref | |||
| iTaukei | 1946 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 0.17 (0.04, 0.31) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.28) | |||
| Participant group | 0.003 | 0.008 | ||||
| Caregivers | 193, 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | ref | ref | |||
| Infants (5–8 weeks) | 515, 4.9 (4.1–5.7) | 0.17 (-0.06, 0.39) | 0.17 (-0.06, 0.40) | |||
| Toddlers (12–23 months) | 845, 5.0 (4.1–5.8) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.55) | 0.32 (0.08, 0.55) | |||
| Children (2–6 years) | 888, 5.0 (4.3–5.8) | 0.34 (0.12, 0.55) | 0.34 (0.12, 0.55) | |||
| Residential location | 0.612 | |||||
| Rural | 1070, 5.0 (4.1–5.7) | ref | ||||
| Urban | 1371, 5.0 (4.2–5.7) | 0.03 (-0.08, 0.14) | ||||
| Participant sex | 0.597 | |||||
| Male | 1166, 5.0 (4.2–5.7) | ref | ||||
| Female | 1275, 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 0.03 (-0.08, 0.14) | ||||
| Number of children < 5 years living in the household | 0.708 | |||||
| Less than two | 954, 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | ref | ||||
| Two or more | 1487, 5.0 (4.2–5.7) | -0.02 (-0.13, 0.09) | ||||
| Family income levelc | 0.943 | |||||
| Not low | 801, 5.0 (4.1–5.7) | ref | ||||
| Low | 1522, 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 0.00 (-0.11, 0.12) | ||||
| Symptoms of URTI | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not present | 1528, 4.9 (4.1–5.6) | ref | Ref | |||
| Present | 913, 5.2 (4.3–5.9) | 0.31 (0.19, 0.42) | 0.28 (0.16, 0.40) | |||
| Household cigarette smoke | 0.540 | |||||
| No exposure | 1098, 5.0 (4.1–5.7) | ref | ||||
| Exposure | 1343, 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 0.03 (-0.08, 0.15) | ||||
| Antibiotic use in previous fortnightd | 0..084 | 0.752 | ||||
| Not used | 2324, 5.0 (4.2–5.7) | ref | ref | |||
| Used | 115, 5.2 (4.5–5.7) | 0.22 (-0.03, 0.48) | 0.04 (-0.23, 0.30) | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PCV10, ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.
a Density of overall, including non-encapsulated, pneumococci
b Two doses of PCV10 given before the age of 12 months, or one or more doses of PCV10 given after 12 months of age [35]
c Weekly family income below the basic needs poverty line (<FJ$175 per week) [28]; data on family income were missing for 118 pneumococcal carriers
d Data on antibiotic use were missing for two pneumococcal carriers.