Table 2.
Investigating factors associated with co-infection using logistic regression
| Factor | Level | Summary* | Co-infection* | Mono- infection* | Unadjusted OR (95% CI, P value)† | Adjusted OR (95% CI, P value)‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time period | Pre-pandemic | 2090 (39) | 232 (44) | 1858 (38) | Reference | Reference |
| Post-pandemic | 3315 (61) | 293 (56) | 3022 (62) | 0·78 (0·65–0·93, P = 0·006) | 0·97 (0·80–1·18, P = 0·774) | |
| Season | Winter | 2001 (37) | 209 (40) | 1792 (37) | Reference | Reference |
| Spring | 1541 (29) | 165 (31) | 1376 (28) | 1·03 (0·83–1·28, P = 0·801) | 0·94 (0·75–1·18, P = 0·595) | |
| Summer | 667 (12) | 54 (10) | 613 (13) | 0·76 (0·55–1·03, P = 0·079) | 0·55 (0·40–0·76, P < 0·001) | |
| Autumn | 1196 (22) | 97 (18) | 1099 (23) | 0·76 (0·59–0·97, P = 0·03) | 0·63 (0·48–0·82, P = 0·001) | |
| Age group (years) | <1 | 959 (18) | 184 (35) | 775 (16) | Reference | Reference |
| 1–5 | 1327 (25) | 187 (36) | 1140 (23) | 0·69 (0·55–0·86, P = 0·001) | 0·67 (0·54–0·84, P = 0·001) | |
| 6–16 | 546 (10) | 28 (5) | 536 (11) | 0·22 (0·15–0·33, P < 0·001) | 0·21 (0·14–0·32, P < 0·001) | |
| 17–45 | 1035 (19) | 47 (9) | 988 (20) | 0·20 (0·14–0·28, P < 0·001) | 0·21 (0·15–0·30, P < 0·001) | |
| 46–64 | 866 (16) | 47 (9) | 819 (17) | 0·24 (0·17–0·34, P < 0·001) | 0·24 (0·17–0·34, P < 0·001) | |
| ⩾65 | 654 (12) | 32 (6) | 622 (13) | 0·22 (0·15–0·32, P < 0·001) | 0·21 (0·14–0·31, P < 0·001) | |
| Gender | Female | 2575 (48) | 222 (42) | 2353 (48) | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 2830 (52) | 303 (58) | 2527 (52) | 1·27 (1·06–1·52, P = 0·01) | 1·11 (0·92–1·33, P = 0·293) | |
| Patients’ origin§ | GP | 1260 (23) | 72 (14) | 1188 (24) | Reference | Reference |
| Hospital (general) | 3725 (69) | 418 (80) | 3307 (68) | 2·09 (1·61–2·70, P < 0·001) | 1·52 (1·15–2·00, P = 0·003) | |
| Hospital (critical care) | 420 (8) | 35 (7) | 385 (8) | 1·50 (0·99–2·28, P = 0·058) | 1·15 (0·75–1·79, P = 0·521) |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
Distribution of patient numbers, with corresponding % in parentheses, across factor levels for all patients (summary) and for co-infection and mono-infection groups.
†
Unadjusted OR based on univariable logistic regression.
‡
Adjusted OR based on multivariable logistic regression.
§
Patients’ location corresponding with first clinical sample: GP, General Practitioner's surgery; Hospital (general), outpatients and non-critical-care patients; Hospital (critical care), patients admitted to an intensive care, intensive therapy, high dependency, or coronary care unit.