Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of KEEPS participants evaluated in this study
| Variables | Total N=467 | o-CEE N=140 (30.0%) | t-E2 N=144 (30.8%) | Placebo N=183 (39.2%) | P-value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), Yr | 52.7 (2.5) | 52.9 (2.8) | 52.8 (2.5) | 52.4 (2.4) | 0.21 |
| Menopausal age, mean (SD), Yr | 50.9 (2.5) | 51.1 (2.8) | 51.0 (2.5) | 50.7 (2.3) | 0.38 |
| Time since menopause, mean (SD), Yr | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.7 (0. 8) | 0.36 |
| White Race, N (%) | 365 (78.2) | 110 (78.6) | 110 (76.4) | 145 (79.2) | 0.82 |
| Education, N (%) | 0.05 | ||||
| Declined to answer | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | |
| High school graduate or less | 29 (6.2) | 11 (7.9) | 3 (2.1) | 15 (8.2) | |
| Some college | 77 (16.5) | 27 (19.3) | 19 (13.2) | 31 (16.9) | |
| College graduate | 356 (76.2) | 102 (72.9) | 120 (83.3) | 134 (73.2) | |
| Employed, N (%) | 386 (82.7) | 120 (85.7) | 120 (83.3) | 146 (79.8) | 0.37 |
| Income, N (%) | 0.51 | ||||
| <$60K | 81 (17.3) | 26 (18.6) | 28 (19.4) | 27 (14.8) | |
| $60K–<$100K | 64 (13.7) | 16 (11.4) | 19 (13.2) | 29 (15.8) | |
| >$100K | 85 (18.2) | 23 (16.4) | 22 (15.3) | 40 (21.9) | |
| Unknown | 237(50.7) | 75 (53.6) | 75 (52.1) | 87 (47.5) | |
| Physical Activity Level, Median(Q1, Q3), MET-hr/wk | 16.7 (7.0, 28.4) | 17.2 (7.5, 31.7) | 15.1 (5.3, 24.7) | 17.2 (7.5, 28.0) | 0.46 |
| Alcohol consumption, N (%) | 356 (76.2) | 117 (83.6) | 102 (70.8) | 137 (74.9) | 0.04 |
| Smoking Status, N (%) | 0.79 | ||||
| Never | 373 (79.9) | 116 (82.9) | 114 (79.2) | 143 (78.1) | |
| Past | 70 (15.0) | 19 (13.6) | 21 (14.6) | 30 (16.4) | |
| Current | 24 (5.1) | 5 (3.6) | 9 (6.3) | 10 (5.5) | |
| Ever use hormone therapy, N (%) | 99 (21.2) | 35 (25.0) | 29 (20.1) | 35 (19.1) | 0.41 |
| Anti-Hypertensive medication use, N (%) | 0.48 | ||||
| Never | 386 (82.7) | 112 (80.0) | 118 (81.9) | 156 (85.2) | |
| Past | 26 (5.6) | 11 (7.9) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (3.3) | |
| Current | 55 (11.8) | 17 (12.1) | 17 (11.8) | 21 (11.5) | |
| BMI, mean (SD), Kg/m2 | 26.1 (4.3) | 26.1 (4.2) | 25.7 (4.4) | 26.4 (4.2) | 0.35 |
| C-reactive protein, median (Q1, Q3), mg/dL | 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.4, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 0.25 |
| Leptin, median (Q1, Q3), ng/ml | 18.4 (11.0, 30.7) | 17.4 (10.6, 28.4) | 17.8 (9.2, 30.4) | 18.8 (12.5, 32.2) | 0.23 |
| High molecular weight adiponectin, median (Q1, Q3), μg/mL | 6.6 (4.5, 9.7) | 7.3 (4.6,11.4) | 7.0 (5.1, 9.5) | 5.8(3.8, 8.5) | 0.005 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 118.4 (15.0) | 119.7 (14.6) | 116.8(15.8) | 119.2 (14.7) | 0.22 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 75.2 (9.3) | 75.9 (8.5) | 74.1 (9.8) | 75.6 (9.3) | 0.20 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 72.3 (15.1) | 72.9 (15.1) | 74.5 (16.7) | 70.0 (13.4) | 0.02 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 111.5 (27.6) | 111.7 (26.8) | 111.2 (29.0) | 111.6 (27.2) | 0.98 |
| Triglycerides, median (Q1, Q3), mg/dL | 70.0 (51.0, 106.0) | 69.5 (51.0, 111.0) | 66.0 (46.5, 103.0) | 74.0 (55.0, 112.0) | 0.16 |
| Fasting glucose, median (Q1, Q3), mg/dL | 79.0 (74.0, 86.0) | 78.5 (74.0, 84.0) | 78.0 (74.0, 84.0) | 79.0 (73.0, 87.0) | 0.55 |
| Insulin, median (Q1, Q3), μIU/mL | 4.2 (2.0, 7.4) | 4.0 (2.2, 7.0) | 3.7 (1.0, 6.7) | 4.7 (2.2, 8.3) | 0.26 |
| HOMA, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.82 (0.37, 1.48) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.36) | 0.76 (0.22, 1.42) | 0.95 (0.40, 1.72) | 0.22 |
| EAT volume, median (Q1, Q3), cm3 | 36.7 (25.6, 54.6) | 38.7 (28.6, 59.3) | 36.0 (24.9, 48.4) | 36.4 (25.6, 54.6) | 0.10 |
| PAT volume, median (Q1, Q3), cm3 | 14.5 (10.3, 21.5) | 14.6 (11.2, 22.0) | 13.4 (8.7, 20.8) | 14.9 (10.6, 22.4) | 0.12 |
| CIMT, mean (SD), μm | 714.5 (89.2) | 720.7 (92.0) | 710.5 (83.3) | 712.9 (91.8) | 0.60 |
| At 48-Months | |||||
| EAT volume, median (Q1, Q3), cm3 | 37.6 (26.3, 50.2) | 39.8 (28.9, 53.1) | 35.6 (25.2, 46.6) | 38.0 (25.2, 51.9) | 0.07 |
| PAT volume, median (Q1, Q3), cm3 | 14.1(10.1, 21.1) | 15.6 (10.6, 22.6) | 13.3 (9.2, 19.2) | 14.4 (10.6, 20.0) | 0.11 |
| CIMT, mean (SD), μm | 747.9 (94.4) | 752.6 (93.7) | 745.60 (93.3) | 746.2 (96.2) | 0.78 |
Abbreviations: o-CEE: oral conjugated equine estrogen; t-E2: transdermal 17β-estradiol; MET: metabolic equivalents; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HOMA: Homeostasis Model Assessment insulin resistance index; CIMT: carotid-intima media thickness; EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; PAT: paracardial adipose tissue