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Classification of iatrogenic perforations during ERCP
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Stapfer | |
| I | Lateral or medial duodenal wall perforations, caused by the endoscope |
| II | Periampullary perforations |
| III | Distal bile duct injuries related to instrumentation |
| IV | Retroperitoneal air alone |
| Unclassified | Includes perforations of the esophagus, gastric perforations, stent perforation of duodenum, and the results of duodenal perforations other than those described above |
