Table 4.

Methylation linked with exposure to smoke or alcohol

Gene	Smoke	Alcohol	Methylation	References
NDN	+	No data	↓	Virani et al. (2015)
CD1A	+	No data	↓	Virani et al. (2015)
DCC	+	No data	↓	Virani et al. (2015)
PAX1	+	No data	↑	Guerrero-Preston et al. (2014)
PAX5	±	No data	↑	Guerrero-Preston et al. (2014)
DAPK	+	No data	↑	Arantes et al. (2015)
	No correlation	+	↑	Cai et al. (2017)
CADM1	−	−	↑	van Kempen et al. (2014)
TIMP3	−	No correlation	↑	van Kempen et al. (2014)
RASSF1	No correlation	No correlation	↑	Wen et al. (2018)
p16	+	No data	↑	Allameh et al. (2018)
	No correlation	No correlation	↑	Sushma et al. (2016)
PTEN	No correlation	No correlation	↑	Sushma et al. (2016)
Alu seguences	+	No data	↓	Puttipanyalears et al. (2013)
Line1 sequences	No correlation	No correlation	↓	Smith et al. (2007)
	No correlation	No correlation	↓	Subbalekha et al. (2009)

“+” used; “−” not used; “↑” hypermethylation; “↓” hypomethylation