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. 2020 Apr 1;10:5742. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62768-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Design and computational analysis of tortuous microchannels. (A) The tortuous microchannels were designed in Solidworks (v2019; www.solidworks.com) as sinusoidal curves of varying frequency (α, red), fixed amplitude (A, 5 mm), and fixed total length along x-axis (56 mm). (B) Illustration of computed tortuosity index (TI). TI was calculated as the ratio of the arc length (S, red) to end-to-end distance (L, blue, fixed at 56 mm). (C) Representative heatmaps showing velocity profile in microchannel of TI = 3.4 at an inlet velocity of 0.017 m/s (scale bar: top, 500 µm; bottom, 100 µm). Graph showing (D) maximum wall shear stress (Pa) and (E) wall shear stress deviation (fluid shear gradients) as a function of increasing inlet velocities for TI = 1 (circle), 1.8 (square) and 3.4 (triangle). CFD analysis was performed using Ansys (v19.2; www.ansys.com).