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. 2020 Apr 1;10:5787. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62448-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tumor cell apoptosis in vaccinated mice. For the analysis of the apoptosis marker in vivo, TC-1 tumor-bearing animals were vaccinated with each vaccine groups or PBS. Tumor apoptosis was detected using TUNEL and analysed by fluorescence microscopy in (a) pDNA-surface localized archaeosomes group, (b) pDNA-encapsulated archaeosomes group, (c) L1/E6/E7 recombinant gene alone group and (d) PBS control group. Total nuclei are visualized in blue (DAPI) and TUNEL-positive nuclei are stained in green (FITC). The images are representative of three independent experiments. TUNEL analysis indicated that the combined L1/E6/E7 + archaeosomes treatment was associated with more apoptosis (40–60%) than the L1/E6/E7 alone (15–20%). Controls (no treatment) showed a low background level of apoptosis (0–1.5%). All images are shown at × 40 magnification.