Table 3.
Multilevel regression models predicting negative perceptions of children
| Individual (1) | +Macro (2) | +micro–macro-interactions (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | |||
| Women (ref: men) | − 0.060* (0.023) | − 0.060* (0.023) | − 0.060* (0.023) |
| Religiosity | − 0.023* (0.004) | − 0.023* (0.004) | − 0.023* (0.004) |
| Education (ref: university education) | |||
| Less than high school | − 0.010 (0.028) | − 0.012 (0.028) | − 0.010 (0.028) |
| High school + some post-high school | − 0.034 (0.018) | − 0.036* (0.018) | − 0.036* (0.017) |
| Work status (ref: full time) | |||
| Part time | − 0.009 (0.018) | − 0.009 (0.018) | − 0.009 (0.018) |
| Not in LF | 0.072* (0.013) | 0.072* (0.013) | 0.072* (0.013) |
| Married/coupled (ref = un-partnered) | − 0.097* (0.011) | − 0.097* (0.011) | − 0.097* (0.011) |
| Age | − 0.003* (0.000) | − 0.003 (0.001) | − 0.003* (0.001) |
| Intercept | 2.925 (0.063) | 2.928 (0.056) | 2.927 (0.052) |
| Effect on Intercept | |||
| Unemployment rate | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.013 (0.011) | |
| Weeks paid care leave | − 0.006* (0.001) | − 0.004* (0.001) | |
| % children 0–2 in day-care | − 0.015* (0.003) | − 0.016* (0.003) | |
| Religiosity level | − 0.139* (0.060) | − 0.141* (0.059) | |
| Effect on religiosity | |||
| Paid care leave | − 0.0002* (0.0001) | ||
| Effect on less than high school | |||
| Paid parental leave | − 0.0002 (0.0004) | ||
| Effect on high school | |||
| Paid parental leave | 0.0008* (0.0004) | ||
| N | 30,002 | 30,002 | 30,002 |
| X2 intercept (df) | 1817.9(23) | 1155.3(19) | 1122.4(19) |
| X2 religious (df) | 60.4(23) | 60.1(23) | 53.1 (22) |
| X2 less than HS (df) | 96.6(23) | 96.6(23) | 95.9 (22) |
| X2 HS (df) | 48.6(23) | 48.5(23) | 42.3 (22) |
| − 2 LL | 74181.6 | 74198.8 | 74233.8 |
| % Country variation | 17.3 | 12.7 | 12.0 |
*p < 0.05