Table 4.

Multilevel regression models predicting positive perceptions of children

	Joy		Social standing		Social support
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Individual level
Women (ref: men)	0.100* (0.017)	0.100* (0.016)	− 0.174* (0.023)	− 0.173* (0.022)	− 0.068* (0.020)	− 0.067* (0.019)
Religiosity	0.026* (0.004)	0.026* (0.004)	0.044* (0.006)	0.044* (0.006)	0.043* (0.007)	0.043* (0.007)
Education (ref: university education)
Less than high school	0.164* (0.031)	0.164* (0.029)	0.115* (0.040)	0.114* (0.038)	0.116* (0.031)	0.116* (0.031)
High school + some post-high school	0.119* (0.017)	0.118* (0.015)	0.020 (0.026)	0.018 (0.024)	0.006 (0.018)	0.006 (0.019)
Work status (ref: full time)
Part time	0.034* (0.014)	0.034* (0.014)	0.043* (0.020)	0.045* (0.019)	0.045* (0.018)	0.046* (0.018)
Not in labour force	0.000 (0.015)	− 0.000 (0.015)	0.075* (0.018)	0.075* (0.018)	0.094* (0.021)	0.094* (0.021)
Married (ref: un-partnered)	0.186* (0.016)	0.186* (0.016)	− 0.011 (0.021)	− 0.011 (0.021)	− 0.063* (0.019)	− 0.063* (0.020)
Age	0.002* (0.001)	0.002* (0.001)	0.003* (0.001)	0.003* (0.001)	− 0.005* (0.001)	− 0.005* (0.001)
Intercept	4.080 (0.037)	4.081 (0.036)	3.072 (0.056)	3.073 (0.054)	3.663 (0.046)	3.664 (0.046)
Effect on intercept
Weeks paid parental leave		0.001 (0.001)		0.001 ~ (0.000)		0.000 (0.001)
Effect on gender
Paid parental leave		0. (0.000)		0.001* (0.000)		0. (0.002)
Effect on less than high school
Paid parental leave		− 0.001* (0.000)		− 0.002* (0.000)		0.000 (0.000)
Effect on high school
Paid parental leave		− 0.008* (0.003)		− 0.001* (0.000)		0.000 (0.000)
N	30536	30,536	29,713	29,713	30,580	30,580
X2 Intercept (df)	345.1		364.1(23)	336.7(22)	325.25*(23)	322.8(22)
X2 religious (df)	81.2		61.6(23)	57.3(22)	53.0*(23)	47.9*(22)
X2 less than HS (df)	168.8		167.0(23)	144.2*(22)	82.1*(23)	81.9(22)
X2 HS (df)	52.5		56.9(23)	57.7(22)	38.2*(23)	38.2(22)
− 2 LL	68293.9	68343.3	88964.2	89010.0	86183.1	86233.0

*p < 0.05; ~ p < 0.10