TABLE 2.

Effects, standard errors, and bootstrapped confidence intervals of non-symbolic processing on residualized change scores in arithmetic between T1 and T4 (controlling for non-verbal intelligence, attention, verbal working memory, and symbolic magnitude processing at T1, contributing to the mediators and arithmetic performance).

Effects			Estimate (SE)	LCI	UCI
Direct:	c′	Non-symbolic T1 → Arithmetic Growth T4 – T1	0.082 (0.100)	−0.112	0.280
Indirect:	a1b1	Non-symbolic T1 → Symbolic Single-Digit T2 → Arithmetic Growth T4 – T1	−0.030 (0.027)	−0.113	0.003
	a1a3b2	Non-symbolic T1 → Symbolic Single-Digit T2 → Symbolic Two-Digit T3 → Arithmetic Growth T4 – T1	−0.011 (0.011)	−0.057	−0.001
	a2b2	Non-symbolic T1 → Symbolic Two-Digit T3 → Arithmetic Growth T4 – T1	−0.033 (0.032)	−0.135	0.005
Total:		Non-symbolic T1 Arithmetic Growth T4 – T1	0.008 (0.099)	−0.118	0.205

LCI, lower CI bound; UCI, upper CI bound.