. 2020 Apr 2;32(4):303–314. doi: 10.1589/jpts.32.303

Table 2. Kinematic gait parameters of the studies included in the review.

Study	Sample size and age	Evaluation aim	Intervention	Main outcomes in the DS group
Kubo et al., 2006²⁶⁾	CG: 10 (8–10 years)DS: 12 (8–10 years)	Assessing pelvis and HAT movements and their coordination during treadmill walking in the AP and ML directions.	Walking on a treadmill at 40%, 75% and 110% of preferred walking speed.	Coordination patterns in DS were less stable, especially in medio-lateral direction at slow speed.
Galli et al., 2008¹¹⁾	CG: 30 (5–13 years)DS: 98 (6–15 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Greater hip flexion during gait. Knee: greater flexion in stance phase, less flexion in swing phase, less range of motion. Ankle: greater plantar flexion at initial contact and less plantar flexion at toe-off.
Rigoldi et al., 2009³⁶⁾	DS: 9CG: 10Children (age not available)	Associate cerebral volumes with walking characteristics.	None.	Greater hip flexion throughout gait cycle; greater knee flexion in stance phase; decreased ROM dorsiflexion/plantar flexion and extra-rotated foot progressionMore flexed hip and worse knee joint condition.
Cimolin et al., 2010¹⁾	DS: 21 (18–39 years)PW: 19 (17–40 years)CG: 20 (33.4 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Reduced knee and hip flexion at initial contact. Forward-tilted pelvis on sagittal plane. Excessive hip flexion throughout gait cycle. Ankle: plantar-flexed during stance phase with reduced range of motion.
Galli et al., 2010²⁷⁾	CG: 11 (Mean age: 20.2 years)DS: 15 (Mean age: 19.6 years)	Quantifying functional limitations.	None.	Longer durations in execution across all tasks in the DS group. Significant difference in ankle ROM during leg-lifting, with a wide plantar-flexion demonstrated during the entire movement.
Wu et al., 2010²¹⁾	DS: 30 (infants)	Evaluate treadmill training.	Low- and high-intensity treadmill training until walking onset.	High-intensity group: peak ankle plantar flexion at or before toe-off; Low-intensity group: peak ankle plantar flexion after toe-off.
Rigoldi et al., 2011²⁾	DS groups: 10 children (9.2 years), 15 adolescents (16.7 years), 16 adults (37.3 years); CG (mean age: 8.1, 18.0 and 37.6 years, respectively)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	DS: Greater hip flexion throughout gait cycle; Greater hip abduction and adduction;Reduced ankle ROM in teenagers and adults compared to CG.
Rigoldi et al., 2012²²⁾	DS: 16 (31–45 years)ED: 12 (36–59 years)CG: 20 (30–50 years)	Comparison of kinematic and kinetics variables between groups.	None.	Greater forward tilt and flexion of pelvis in swing phase; higher hip flexion throughout gait cycle and less hip flexion in stance phase. Knee: lower peak flexion and range of motion (flexion-extension) during gait. Ankle: lower peak plantar flexion at end of stance phase and range of motion during gait.
Wu et al., 2014²³⁾	DS: 10 (9.12 years)CG: 10 (9.31 years)	To investigate the effect of both walking speed and external ankle load on the kinematic patterns of treadmill walking.	Treadmill speeds were set at 75% and 100% of the preferred walking speed.	Both groups showed similar kinematic values.
Agiovlasitis et al., 2015¹²⁾	CG: 15 (28 ± 6 years)DS: 15 (27 ± 8 years)	To examine the extent to which gait characteristics explain differences in net-MR during walking.	Participants walked at six, randomly selected, walking speeds.	Step length variability made the greatest unique contribution (10.6%) to the higher net-MR in adults with DS, followed by the range of COM mediolateral motion (6.3%), step width variability (2.8%), and variability in COM anteroposterior velocity (0.7%).
Chen et al., 2016²⁸⁾	CG: 15 (7–9 years)DS: 15 (7–9 years)	Compare kinematic features between groups.	Walk and cross obstacles with heights of 10%, 20% and 30% of the leg length.	Children with DS tend to adopt a lower speed and larger step width when they perceive instability. They adopt a pelvic strategy (i.e., greater pelvic leading-side listing and forward rotation) to achieve a higher leading toe clearance with a longer step length.
Pau et al., 2019³²⁾	DS: 117Females: 53 (26.7 years); Males: 64 (27.8 years)	To assess kinematic differences between men and women with DS.	None.	Women: larger hip flexion at late stance and reduced knee flexion at the beginning of the swing phase.Men: larger foot external rotation through most of the stance phase and at the end of the swing phase.
Zago et al., 2019³³⁾	DS: 230 (7–50 years). Females: 103, Males 127	To assess kinematic differences between men and women with DS.	None.	Shorted step length and higher Gait Profile Score in females.

Age is expressed as range or mean, according to availability.

AP: anteroposterior; CG: control group; DS: Down syndrome; HAT (head, arms and trunk); ML: mediolateral.